Group Cohesion and Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What aspect does social cohesion primarily focus on?

  • Interpersonal relationships among members (correct)
  • Collective unity and goal alignment
  • Individuals’ performance capability
  • Commitment to achieving common goals

Which phrase illustrates the importance of group cohesion?

  • Personal talent surpasses group effort.
  • Together We Stand, Divided We Fall. (correct)
  • Teamwork is essential only in critical situations.
  • Success is measured by individual achievements.

What does task cohesion involve?

  • Emotional attachment between members
  • Personal interests of group members
  • Shared commitment to group objectives (correct)
  • Performance of tasks independently

How can group cohesion's final state be achieved, according to Katz & Kahn?

<p>Via multiple potential paths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor in group behavior studies highlighted by leaders?

<p>Group cohesion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cohesion reflects the collective unity and goal alignment of a group?

<p>Task cohesion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT a component of the dynamic nature of cohesion?

<p>Static group structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does individual-level cohesion indicate about a group?

<p>Personal attachment to the group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Carron’s Four Antecedents of Cohesion?

<p>Emotional Factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Performing stage signify within group development models?

<p>The group is highly productive and mature. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition characterizes group cohesion as the total forces acting on members to stay in the group?

<p>Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership quality emphasizes the ability to plan and oversee large teams effectively?

<p>Administratively Skilled (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of group development does the group experience dissolution?

<p>Adjourning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model describes a cycle of oscillation between task and social roles within a group?

<p>Bales's equilibrium model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a solution-oriented leader primarily focus on?

<p>Finding solutions that satisfy diverse interests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attribute reflects a leader's capability to provide tailored guidance to help followers grow?

<p>Mentorship (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT typically considered a Personal Factor affecting group cohesion?

<p>Skill level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of an integrity-driven leader?

<p>Strong ethical standards and moral principles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does group cohesion contribute to a group's success, as indicated in the context?

<p>Increased trust and morale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leadership style is primarily characterized by offering tangible rewards for achieving set goals?

<p>Contingent Rewards (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best explains the cohesion concept described by Back (1951)?

<p>Cohesion is based on the attraction group members have for each other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A decisive leader is most well-known for which trait?

<p>Making firm and quick decisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Informational power can be best described as the control over access to what?

<p>Confidential information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quality involves managing relationships effectively and showing tact in interactions?

<p>Diplomatic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes expert power from direct power?

<p>Expert power relies on superior knowledge, while direct power comes from explicit authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of extreme authority leading to disastrous outcomes?

<p>The McDonald's Strip Search Incident. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tactic is classified as a direct power tactic?

<p>Punishment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the attribute of 'excellence-oriented' specifically emphasize?

<p>Constantly aiming for high performance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does indirect power typically function within a group environment?

<p>Via norms and group values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios illustrates destructive obedience?

<p>An employee blindly following unethical orders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major ethical implication did Milgram's study highlight about authority?

<p>Obedience to authority can lead to unethical actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about power tactics is true?

<p>Direct tactics involve strong measures like punishment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the sense of belonging that group members experience?

<p>Unity of the group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of group development is characterized by conflict over goals and roles?

<p>Storming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main negative consequence of hazing mentioned?

<p>Creation of resentment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term reflects the shared confidence among group members in their ability to succeed?

<p>Collective Efficacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the group’s focus during the Performing phase?

<p>Task orientation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of group dynamics is affected by having a well-defined structure and clarity in roles?

<p>Structural Cohesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What promotes strong affective ties within a group?

<p>Emotional Bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is necessary for developing cohesion among group members?

<p>Storming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase involves the group evaluating the decision and its implementation for future improvements?

<p>Post-Mortem Discussion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a situation where decisions are made by one person or subgroup?

<p>Delegation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the practice of applying the majority rule in decision-making?

<p>Voting/Plurality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT emphasized as part of effective group decision-making?

<p>Resistance to Change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is focused on identifying and defining the problem at hand?

<p>Orientation Phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves averaging individual decisions using methods like polling or surveys?

<p>Statistical Aggregation/Averaging (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does participation in decision-making influence resistance to change?

<p>It helps reduce resistance to implementing change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical component in ongoing evaluation during the decision-making process?

<p>Seeking lessons to improve future decisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Institutional Collectivism

A cultural value that emphasizes group goals and interests over individual ones. People in cultures with high institutional collectivism feel a strong sense of loyalty to their organization or group.

Future Orientation

A cultural value that places importance on planning ahead and thinking long-term. Societies with high future orientation tend to value saving, investing, and preparing for the future.

Quick Learner

The ability to grasp new concepts and information quickly and easily.

What is a decisive leader?

A decisive leader makes firm and quick decisions, demonstrating confidence and clarity.

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Diplomatic

The ability to manage interpersonal relationships effectively, showing tact and sensitivity in interactions.

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Mentorship

A leadership style that involves guiding followers towards their personal and professional goals by providing tailored advice, support, and encouragement.

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Contingent Rewards

A type of transactional leadership where rewards are provided based on achieving set goals and meeting performance expectations.

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Recognizing Achievement

A key component of reward-based leadership that involves acknowledging and appreciating followers' accomplishments.

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Expert Power

Influence based on having superior knowledge or skills. This power comes from being a specialist in a particular area.

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Direct Power

Power that is directly exercised through explicit commands or authority.

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Indirect Power

Power that is exercised indirectly through social norms, group values, or exclusion.

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Extreme Authority

When authority is used in a way that leads to harmful or destructive outcomes. This can be seen in cults or abusive organizations.

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Milgram's Obedience Study

A famous experiment that investigated how people respond to authority figures, specifically focusing on obedience even when it involves harmful actions.

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Informational Power

The power that comes from controlling access to information, such as crucial data or ideas.

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Direct Power Tactics

Strong power tactics that involve punishment, withholding rewards, or direct commands.

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Indirect Power Tactics

Weaker, more subtle tactics like collaboration, persuasion, or ingratiation to influence others.

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Legitimate Power

Power derived from one's position or role within a group or organization. It's based on formal authority and recognized title.

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Rewards for Personal Benefit

Using rewards unfairly to gain personal advantage or benefit. It can undermine trust and fairness.

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Desirable Rewards

Rewards that are truly valued by the recipients. This ensures that the reward is effective and motivating.

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Group Cohesion

The degree to which group members are connected and committed to working together to achieve a common goal.

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Significance of Group Cohesion

Group cohesion is crucial for group behavior studies and is often used by leaders to motivate team members.

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Social Cohesion

Refers to the attraction among group members and their attachment to the group. It's about the interpersonal relationships and emotional bonds within the group.

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Task Cohesion

Refers to the commitment of members to work together to achieve a common goal and their ability to perform tasks successfully as a unit.

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Equifinality in Group Cohesion

The final state of group cohesion can be reached through various paths. This means different approaches can lead to the same level of group cohesion.

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Norming Stage

The stage in group development where members establish shared norms, roles become clearer, and trust starts to build.

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Performing Stage

The high-functioning stage where the group achieves synergy, works efficiently, and focuses on tasks with minimal need for guidance.

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Antecedents of Cohesion

Factors influencing the development of group cohesion, including environmental, personal, leadership, and team characteristics.

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Environmental Factors

External pressures and circumstances impacting group dynamics and cohesion, such as social expectations or competition.

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Personal Factors

Individual differences like gender, race, or age that can influence group dynamics and cohesion.

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Leadership Factors

The impact of leadership style and effectiveness on group cohesion, creating a positive or negative environment for unity.

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Team Factors

Internal elements within the group such as shared history, norms, roles, and stability that contribute to its cohesion.

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Functional Theory of Group Decision Making

A framework outlining stages and key elements for effective group decision-making, emphasizing thorough information gathering, analysis, and implementation.

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Post-Mortem Discussion

A crucial step after implementing a group decision, where the group evaluates the process and outcome to identify lessons learned and improve future decisions.

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Orientation Phase

The initial stage of group decision-making where the group identifies the problem, ensures everyone understands it, and gathers information.

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Discussion Phase

Group members openly discuss alternatives, share information, and process it to make a sound decision.

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Social Decision Schemes

Different methods groups use to arrive at a decision, ranging from delegation to voting or averaging individual opinions.

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Deciding Phase

The point where the group selects the best alternative based on the information and discussions throughout the process.

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Implementation Phase

Putting the group's decision into action, involving carrying out the chosen plan or strategy.

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Ongoing Evaluation

Constantly checking the decision and implementation process, seeking ways to improve future decisions.

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Primary Tension

The initial tension and awkwardness experienced by members during the forming stage of team development. It stems from uncertainty about roles, expectations, and interactions within the group.

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Secondary Tension

The tension and conflict that emerges in the storming stage, often arising from disagreements over goals, roles, and power dynamics within the group.

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Cohesion

The strength and unity of a group, characterized by a sense of belonging, shared goals, and strong emotional bonds between members. It fosters a feeling of shared purpose and increases overall group effectiveness.

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Emotional Cohesion

The emotional connections and bonds that members share within a group, often stemming from shared experiences, support, and empathy. It contributes to a strong feeling of belonging and loyalty.

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Structural Cohesion

The extent to which a group's formal structure, including roles, norms, and rules, contributes to its unity and effectiveness. A well-defined structure provides clarity and promotes efficiency.

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Work (Performing) Stage

The stage in group development where members focus on achieving their common goals and maximizing performance. The group has established a sense of trust, clarity, and shared commitment.

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Study Notes

Leadership: An Overview

  • Leadership is a dynamic interaction between leaders, followers, and the situation.
  • Leadership involves influencing individuals and groups towards goals.
  • Leadership is not inherent; it can be developed.
  • Leadership has a 20-45% impact on organizational success.
  • Management focuses on systems, structures, and short-term goals.
  • Leadership focuses on people and long-term direction.
  • Some individuals are both leaders and managers.
  • Leadership qualities are important in institutional selection.

Leadership Effectiveness

  • Leadership effectiveness is how well leader traits and behaviours lead to successful outcomes.
  • These outcomes include task-oriented and social-oriented results.
  • Factors influencing leadership emergence include: trait models, situational models, and interactional models.
  • Trait theory suggests leaders have inherent qualities like energy, dominance, and self-reliance.
  • The Ohio State Leadership Studies identified initiating structure (task-oriented) and consideration (social/emotional) behaviours as key.
  • Situational leadership theory (e.g., Hersey & Blanchard, Fielder) explains how leadership style should adapt to follower maturity levels.
  • The Life Cycle theory connects leadership styles to follower stages.
  • Leaders adjust their styles (directing, coaching, supporting, delegating) based on follower readiness.
  • LMX theory emphasizes leader-member exchange relationships, leading to differentiated interactions with followers.
  • In-group followers are more competent, trustworthy, and motivated than out-group followers.

Leadership Theories

  • Trait models focus on inherent leader qualities.
  • Situational models emphasize the context's influence on leadership effectiveness.
  • Interactional models recognise traits interactions with followers and the situation.
  • Hogg's Social Identity Theory connects leadership with group identities and stereotypes.
  • Tolstoy's Zeitgeist Theory: Success is influenced by uncontrollable situational factors.
  • Fiedler’s Contingency Theory links leadership effectiveness to the leader's style and the situation. Leaders are classified as task-oriented or relationship-oriented based on their Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) score.
  • The Leadership Grid (Blake & Mouton) focuses on both task and relationship concern.
  • Shared leadership distributes responsibility across the group.
  • Followership styles include exemplary, conformist, passive, and alienated followers.

Group Cohesion

  • Group cohesion is vital for group effectiveness.
  • Cohesion involves attraction among group members and commitment to shared goals.
  • Two types of cohesion include social (interpersonal attraction) and task (commitment to shared goals).
  • Several group development models (e.g., Tuckman's model of forming, storming, norming, performing & adjourning) describe predictable stages in group development.

Decision Making in Groups

  • Groups can gather more information than individuals.
  • Collective evaluation enhances decision quality.
  • Group decision-making can involve diverse approaches (e.g., consensus, majority rule).
  • Group may overemphasise shared information and undervalue unique perspectives.
  • Groupthink can lead to poor decision-making due to strong conformity pressures.

Power and Influence

  • Power affects how individuals and groups interact.
  • Legitimate, referent, expert, and informational power all shape influence dynamics.
  • Power can be used constructively to enhance group efficacy.
  • Abuse of power can lead to negative consequences.
  • Milgram and Zimbardo’s studies highlight the psychological influences on obedience and conformity.
  • Factors like situational pressures, norms, and leader behaviours have an impact on power dynamics.

Leadership Styles

  • Level 5 Leadership (Humble, driven individuals) and other leadership styles (e.g., visionary).
  • Leadership qualities (including diplomatic, focused, committed).
  • GLOBE study examined cultural variations in leadership practices.

Errors in Decision Making

  • Sins of commission (e.g., belief perseverance, sunk cost bias, hindsight bias) and sins of omission or imprecision (e.g., base rate bias, availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic) affect decision-making accuracy.

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Description

Test your understanding of group cohesion and its key concepts through this focused quiz. Explore various aspects of essential theories in group dynamics, including task cohesion, phases of development, and leadership qualities. Ideal for students studying social psychology or organizational behavior.

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