Graph Types and Properties in Science

Categorical data

<p>As one variable increases, the other increases at the same rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The factor that is tested or manipulated by the researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecules that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of their atoms, leading to different properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water molecules have two opposite poles, a slightly positive and a slightly negative end.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonds between water molecules create a strong cohesive force that resists external forces, resulting in surface tension, which is the ability of the liquid surface to resist an external force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polarity allows water molecules to adhere to the xylem vessels, while cohesion helps water molecules stick together, facilitating the movement of water up the plant stem against gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cysteine forms disulfide bridges between different parts of the protein, helping to strengthen and stabilize its structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration synthesis removes a water molecule to join monomers into a polymer, while hydrolysis adds a water molecule to break a polymer into its monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C, H, O</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C, H, O</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C, H, O, N</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C, H, O, N, P</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reuse refers to breaking down macromolecules and using the elements to build other macromolecules for the organism, while recycling involves the organism taking up nutrients and molecules from the environment to incorporate them into new macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of carbohydrates include glucose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of lipids include phospholipids, oils waxes, fats, and steroids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic information storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of proteins include catalase, keratin, and hemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of nucleic acids include DNA and RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated fats have only single bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains, making them straight and tightly packed, leading to a solid state at room temperature. Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond between carbon atoms, creating kinks in the chains, preventing tight packing and resulting in a liquid state at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>N, O, F</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electronegative atoms, such as oxygen and nitrogen, attract electrons more strongly in a covalent bond, resulting in a partial negative charge on that atom. The partially positive hydrogen atom on another molecule can then form a weak hydrogen bond with the electronegative atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophobic regions repel water and tend to be buried within the protein's structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells and established a symbiotic relationship with their host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smaller cells have a larger surface area to volume ratio than larger cells. This is because surface area increases at a slower rate than volume as cells grow. As a result, smaller cells are more efficient in exchanging materials with their surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water passes through the cell membrane through aquaporin proteins, which act as channels, and also by simple diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer, although this is a slower process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small, nonpolar (lipid-soluble) molecules and uncharged molecules can easily pass through the cell membrane due to their ability to interact with the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid bilayer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large, polar molecules and charged molecules are unable to easily traverse the hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane. Transport proteins provide a pathway for these molecules to cross by binding to them and facilitating their movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The phospholipid bilayer, a key component of cell membranes, has a structure where the polar phosphate heads of phospholipids are hydrophilic and face the aqueous environment, while the nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty acid tails are buried within the membrane, forming a barrier to water-soluble molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temperature affects enzyme activity by influencing the rate of molecular collisions and the stability of the enzyme's structure. Optimal temperature allows for maximum enzyme activity, while extreme temperatures can denature the enzyme, reducing or eliminating its function. pH affects enzyme function by influencing the ionization state of amino acids in the active site, which can alter the enzyme's shape and ability to bind to its substrate. Each enzyme has an optimal pH range where it functions best. Substrate concentration affects enzyme activity by determining the rate at which the active sites of enzymes are occupied. At low substrate concentrations, the reaction rate increases with increasing substrate concentration. However, at high substrate concentrations, the reaction rate plateaus as most active sites become saturated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme specificity refers to the ability of each enzyme to catalyze a specific chemical reaction involving a specific substrate or set of substrates. The active site of an enzyme has a unique shape and chemical properties that complement the substrate, allowing for a precise 'lock-and-key' interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes act as biological catalysts by lowering the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. They achieve this by providing an alternative reaction pathway that is more favorable, facilitating the formation of the transition state and speeding up the reaction without being consumed in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allosteric inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing substrate concentration can overcome the effects of a competitive inhibitor by outcompeting it for the active site of the enzyme. At high enough substrate concentrations, the active sites are more likely to be occupied by the substrate than the inhibitor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rest of the energy that is not used for growth and repair is often released as heat energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis of ATP involves the breaking of a phosphate bond in ATP, releasing energy and producing ADP and inorganic phosphate. This energy release can be coupled with endergonic reactions, making them energetically favorable and allowing them to proceed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthesis is the process where light energy from the sun is captured by chlorophyll in chloroplasts and used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It occurs in two stages: the light-dependent reactions, where light energy is absorbed to produce ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle, where carbon dioxide is fixed into glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic cellular respiration is a process where glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water. It takes place in four stages: glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. This process generates a significant amount of ATP, powering many cellular activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The color of light reflected from a pigment molecule represents the color that our eyes perceive. This is because the pigment absorbs all other wavelengths of light, except for the reflected wavelength. For example, a green leaf reflects green light and absorbs other colors, such as blue and red.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A photosynthetic bacterium might adjust its pigments to optimize its ability to capture light energy in different environments or under varying light conditions. For example, if the bacterium is exposed to a wavelength of light it cannot absorb, it may produce a different pigment that can absorb that wavelength, allowing it to harness the energy needed for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis occurs in both chloroplasts and mitochondria, fueled by a proton gradient. In chloroplasts, light energy drives electron transport, pumping protons into the thylakoid lumen, creating a gradient. In mitochondria, electrons from NADH and FADH2 power proton pumping across the inner mitochondrial membrane, again creating a gradient. When protons flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, the energy is used to generate ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In glycolysis, NAD+ is the electron acceptor, becoming reduced to NADH. In the Krebs cycle, NAD+ is reduced to NADH, and FAD+ is reduced to FADH2, carrying electrons to the electron transport chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Respirometer lab involves measuring the rate of oxygen consumption in organisms. KOH is added to the respirometer to absorb carbon dioxide, reducing the pressure inside and causing a small bit of colored water to move up a pipette, indicating the amount of oxygen consumed. Experiments with germinating seeds showed they consume more oxygen than non-germinating seeds, and those in warmer water consumed more oxygen than those in cold water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive feedback loops amplify a signal, causing a system to move further away from its initial state, while negative feedback loops dampen or counter a signal, bringing a system back towards its set point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similar cell signaling pathways among different organisms indicate shared ancestry. The presence of homologous proteins involved in these pathways, indicating a common evolutionary origin, points to the relatedness of these organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A signal transduction pathway involves three main steps: 1) Reception, where a signal molecule binds to a receptor protein on the cell surface. 2) Transduction, where the signal is converted into a form that can trigger a cellular response. 3) Cellular response, where specific changes in the cell occur, such as altering gene expression, enzyme activity, or cell behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second messengers act as intracellular signaling molecules that amplify and relay signals within a cell. They are generated in response to the binding of primary messengers (signal molecules) to receptor proteins. Examples of second messengers include cAMP, IP3, and Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell cycle consists of interphase and M phase. Interphase is further divided into G1, S, and G2 phases. G1 is a growth phase, S phase involves DNA replication, and G2 is another growth phase preparing for cell division. M phase includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division). During mitosis, chromosomes condense, align at the equator of the cell, and separate to form two daughter nuclei. Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The end result of mitosis is the formation of two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External regulators of the cell cycle include growth factors, which stimulate cell division, contact inhibition, which stops cell division when cells come into contact with each other, and anchorage dependence, where cells can only divide when attached to a solid surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal regulators of the cell cycle are proteins called cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Cyclins bind to and activate CDKs, which phosphorylate target proteins, regulating key events in the cell cycle, such as DNA replication and chromosome segregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of DNA doubles during the S phase of interphase as the chromosomes are replicated. The number of chromosomes remains the same during S phase because sister chromatids are attached. During anaphase, the sister chromatids separate, so the number of chromosomes doubles momentarily. By the end of telophase and after cytokinesis, each daughter cell has the same amount of DNA and the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutations that can lead to cancer affect genes that regulate cell growth and division. These include proto-oncogenes, which stimulate normal cell division, and tumor suppressor genes, which inhibit cell growth. Mutations in proto-oncogenes can convert them into oncogenes, promoting uncontrolled cell division, while mutations in tumor suppressor genes can disable their ability to control cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer cells differ from healthy cells in several ways: 1) Cancer cells have uncontrolled division, while healthy cells divide in a regulated manner. 2) Cancer cells can invade surrounding tissues (metastasis), while healthy cells stay confined. 3) Cancer cells often have altered metabolism, while healthy cells have a balanced metabolic process. 4) Cancer cells often have altered cell surfaces, while healthy cells maintain normal cell surface characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traits of cancer cells include: 1) Uncontrolled growth and division. 2) Ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. 3) Altered cell signaling pathways leading to abnormal growth. 4) Reduced or loss of normal cell-cell adhesion. 5) Resistance to cell death (apoptosis). 6) Increased metabolism and energy consumption. 7) Altered cell structure and shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a normal process in multicellular organisms where cells are eliminated in a controlled and organized fashion, preventing the release of harmful cell contents that could damage surrounding tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers