GN 301 Exam Review for Test #1

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the cell's genetic material (DNA) and directing the cell's activities.

Mitochondria are responsible for generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration, providing the power for the cell's functions.

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, where amino acids are assembled into proteins based on instructions from messenger RNA (mRNA).

<p>The ER is a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis, folding, and transport. It is also crucial for detoxification and calcium storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids, preparing them for transport to other organelles or secretion from the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, acting as a selective barrier that controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A karyotype is an organized display of an individual's chromosomes, arranged in pairs according to size and shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chromatid is a single, replicated copy of a chromosome. A chromosome is a pair of replicated chromatids held together by a centromere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FISH (Fluorescence in situ hybridization) is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences within chromosomes using fluorescent probes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reductional division refers to the first division of meiosis, where the homologous chromosomes separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Equational division refers to the second division of meiosis, where the sister chromatids separate, resulting in four haploid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis ensures that each generation inherits only half the number of chromosomes from each parent, maintaining a constant number of chromosomes in a species and also generates genetic diversity through crossing over, thus providing variation in offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both oogenesis and spermatogenesis are processes of gamete formation in the reproductive organs. However, oogenesis produces a single large ovum (egg) and three polar bodies, whereas spermatogenesis produces four sperm cells. Moreover, oogenesis begins during fetal development and continues throughout a woman's life to produce viable eggs. Spermatogenesis starts during puberty in males and continues throughout their reproductive years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis or mitosis, resulting in daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein layer that surrounds the oocyte, preventing multiple sperm from fertilizing it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A zygote is a single-celled diploid cell that forms when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An embryo is a developing organism from the time of fertilization to the end of the eighth week of gestation. A fetus is a developing organism after the eighth week of gestation until birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prenatal testing is used to detect genetic or chromosomal abnormalities in a fetus, providing information for parents to make informed decisions about their pregnancy or potential future pregnancies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IVF is a technique where fertilization occurs outside the body, with an egg from a woman being fertilized with a sperm cell from a man in a laboratory setting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deoxyribose is a five-carbon sugar present in DNA, with a hydrogen atom on the 2' carbon. Dideoxyribose is a modified sugar used in DNA sequencing, with a hydrogen atom replacing the hydroxyl group on both the 2' and 3' carbons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Sanger sequencing reaction is a method for determining the nucleotide sequence of DNA, using dideoxyribonucleotides that terminate DNA synthesis, allowing for the creation of fragments of varying lengths for analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The HGP was a large-scale international effort to determine the complete DNA sequence of the human genome, which was completed in 2003.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Map-based sequencing involved creating a physical map of the genome by identifying landmarks and ordering specific contigs. Shotgun sequencing involved randomly breaking the DNA into smaller fragments, sequencing them, and then reassembling the fragments based on overlapping sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 1000 Genomes Project was a collaboration to sequence the genomes of 1,000 individuals from diverse populations, aiming to identify common genetic variations. The 100,000 Genomes Project is a UK initiative focused on sequencing the genomes of 100,000 individuals with rare diseases and cancers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GINA is a US law that prohibits health insurers and employers from discriminating against individuals based on their genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins, primarily histones, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histones are basic proteins that bind to DNA in eukaryotic cells, forming nucleosomes, which are the fundamental units of chromatin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Watson-Crick model describes the structure of DNA as a double helix with two antiparallel polymeric strands of nucleotides joined together by hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded molecule that stores genetic information, while RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis. DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA uses the sugar ribose. DNA uses the base thymine (T), while RNA uses uracil (U).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The genetic code is a set of rules that translates the sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA into the sequence of amino acids in proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tRNA molecules are responsible for carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation, where they are added to the growing polypeptide chain based on the mRNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>rRNA molecules are the structural components of ribosomes, forming the core structure and catalytic sites where proteins are synthesized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>snRNA molecules are involved in splicing, the process of removing introns and joining exons from pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) to produce mature mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An exon is a coding sequence of a gene that is transcribed into mRNA and ultimately translated into protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Splicing is the process of removing introns and joining exons from pre-mRNA to produce mature mRNA, which can be translated into protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microarrays are tools used to measure the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously, providing a snapshot of the genes that are active in a particular cell or tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur without alterations in the underlying DNA sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two common types of epigenetic changes include: 1. DNA methylation, where a methyl group is added to a cytosine base, potentially silencing gene expression. 2. Histone modification, where chemical modifications are added to histone tails, affecting how tightly DNA is packaged around histones and impacting gene expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers