Genetics and Cell Biology Exam Review

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the primary role of bile in digestion?

  • To break down proteins into amino acids.
  • To facilitate the absorption of water and vitamins in the large intestine.
  • To emulsify fats into smaller droplets. (correct)
  • To neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine.

What is the role of the pancreas in the digestive process?

  • To produce digestive enzymes for breaking down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, and to release sodium bicarbonate. (correct)
  • To store bile and release it into the small intestine.
  • To absorb water and vitamins in the large intestine.
  • To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

Which of these represents the correct order of the levels of classification from broadest to most specific?

  • Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
  • Family, Genus, Species, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
  • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (correct)
  • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, Domain

Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells that differentiates them from eukaryotic cells?

<p>Lack of a membrane-bound nucleus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a dichotomous key?

<p>To identify organisms based on a series of paired choices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a core tenet of Lamarck's theory of evolution?

<p>Inheritance of characteristics acquired during an organism’s lifetime. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is central to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

<p>The differential survival and reproduction of individuals based on their heritable traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mutations play in the context of evolutionary change?

<p>They introduce new genetic variations within a species, which selection operates on. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ‘founder effect’?

<p>The gene pool of a new isolated population changes due to being founded by a small group of individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of microevolution?

<p>The change of allele frequencies in a population over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between natural selection and artificial selection?

<p>Artificial selection involves selecting for certain traits by human choice, while natural selection is based on environmental pressures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A population of butterflies dramatically decreases to only a small number of individuals due to a natural disaster. What effect is most likely to occur?

<p>The Bottleneck Effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered evidence of evolution?

<p>A consistent distribution of traits within all species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of a vein?

<p>Carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?

<p>To initiate the electrical impulse of heart contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person with type O blood could receive a transfusion from which of these blood types?

<p>Type O blood only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is incomplete dominance?

<p>When the phenotype is a blend of both alleles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

<p>S phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern?

<p>Unaffected parents can have affected children (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of capillaries?

<p>Facilitate gas exchange with surrounding tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

<p>To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Digestion

The breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Absorption

The process where nutrients from digested food pass from the small intestine into the bloodstream.

Kingdom

A group of organisms that share common characteristics and are able to reproduce.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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Evolution

The process by which populations of organisms change over time.

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Mutations

Changes in the DNA sequence that can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

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Natural Selection

The process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring.

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Artificial Selection

The process by which humans select and breed organisms for specific traits. Examples include dog breeds and agricultural crops.

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Microevolution

The change in the frequency of alleles within a population over time. This can be caused by factors like mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.

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Founder Effect

A change in the genetic makeup of a population that occurs when a small group of individuals colonize a new area.

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Bottleneck Effect

A change in the genetic makeup of a population that occurs after a dramatic reduction in population size due to events like natural disasters or disease.

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Speciation

The formation of new species from an existing species. This can occur when populations become geographically isolated (allopatric speciation) or when reproductive barriers develop within a single population (sympatric speciation).

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Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

Mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between species. They can be prezygotic, preventing the formation of a zygote, or postzygotic, preventing the hybrid offspring from surviving or reproducing.

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Genome

The complete set of genetic information in an organism, encompassing DNA molecules within chromosomes. It's like a blueprint for an organism, containing instructions for building and maintaining its life.

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Chromosome

A thread-like structure found in the nucleus of most living cells, containing genetic material (DNA), and responsible for carrying and transmitting hereditary information.

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Mitosis

The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is essential for growth, development, and repair of tissues in multicellular organisms.

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Meiosis

The process of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, ensuring genetic diversity in offspring.

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Crossing Over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, leading to increased genetic variation in offspring.

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Phenotype

The physical characteristics of an organism.

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Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism, which determines its traits.

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Nondisjunction

The process of separating chromosomes during meiosis. It can also happen in mitosis.

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Study Notes

Exam Information

  • Date: Friday, January 24
  • Time: 8:50 AM
  • Location: Room 250
  • Length: 2 hours

Exam Outline

  • Scantron: 45 multiple choice questions (45 marks)
  • Scantron: 25 matching questions (25 marks)
  • Short Answer Questions: 4 short answer questions, 3 mandatory (25 marks)
  • Labeling Diagrams: 8 marks
  • Total: 103 marks

Exam Topics to Review

  • Genetic Processes

  • Cell Cycle

  • DNA, RNA structure and function

  • Interphase, Mitosis, Meiosis, Cytokinesis

  • Errors in meiosis

  • Human Chromosomes

  • Mendelian genetics

  • Non-Mendelian Genetics

  • Multiple Alleles (Blood Types)

  • Patterns of Inheritance

  • X-linked, Autosomal inheritance

  • Genetic Diseases (X-linked and Autosomal)

  • Animal Structure and Function

  • Cell Parts and Functions

  • Circulatory System

  • Components of Blood (plasma and cells)

  • Blood Types (Refer to genetics)

  • Blood Vessels

  • Heart Structures and Function

  • Heart Conduction System

  • Systemic Circulation, cardiac circulation, pulmonary circulation

  • Blood Pressure

  • Cardiac Technologies and Diseases (arrhythmias, ECG, Myocardial infarction)

  • Respiratory System

  • Organs/parts of the respiratory system and their functions

  • Mechanics of respiration (inhalation and exhalation)

  • Lung capacity - values, spirometer

  • Respiratory Disorders

  • Digestive System

  • Organs/parts of digestive system

  • Accessory organs (gall bladder, liver, pancreas)

  • Enzymes and Nutrients - 4 Macromolecules

  • Why do we need to eat vegetables if mammals cannot digest cellulose?

  • Mechanical/Physical Digestion and Chemical Digestion

  • Digestive disorders

  • Diversity of Living Things

  • Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

  • Archaea vs. Bacteria

  • Gram Positive vs. Negative Bacteria

  • Kingdom Animalia Characteristics

  • Major Animal Phyla

  • Binomial Nomenclature

  • Dichotomous Key

  • Viruses

  • Plants

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