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In a monohybrid cross, if a heterozygous organism is crossed with a homozygous recessive organism, what is the probability that their offspring will exhibit the recessive phenotype?
In a monohybrid cross, if a heterozygous organism is crossed with a homozygous recessive organism, what is the probability that their offspring will exhibit the recessive phenotype?
Which of these methods would be most suitable for determining if a plant with a dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous?
Which of these methods would be most suitable for determining if a plant with a dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous?
A cross between two organisms yields a 1:1 phenotypic ratio. Which of the following parental genotypes is most likely to generate this type of pattern?
A cross between two organisms yields a 1:1 phenotypic ratio. Which of the following parental genotypes is most likely to generate this type of pattern?
If a purebred tall plant is cross-pollinated with a purebred short plant, and all offspring are tall, this is best explained by what concept?
If a purebred tall plant is cross-pollinated with a purebred short plant, and all offspring are tall, this is best explained by what concept?
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Two organisms have the same physical characteristics for a trait. Which of the following conditions is most probable?
Two organisms have the same physical characteristics for a trait. Which of the following conditions is most probable?
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In a test cross, if the offspring display a 1:1 phenotypic ratio of dominant to recessive traits, what does this indicate about the genotype of the parent with the unknown genotype?
In a test cross, if the offspring display a 1:1 phenotypic ratio of dominant to recessive traits, what does this indicate about the genotype of the parent with the unknown genotype?
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Based on the provided cross of two heterozygous plants for both traits (RrTt x RrTt), what is the probability of obtaining offspring with the genotype Rrtt?
Based on the provided cross of two heterozygous plants for both traits (RrTt x RrTt), what is the probability of obtaining offspring with the genotype Rrtt?
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In the given dihybrid cross (RrTt x RrTt), what is the combined probability of obtaining offspring that exhibit either the red and dwarf phenotype, or the yellow and tall phenotype?
In the given dihybrid cross (RrTt x RrTt), what is the combined probability of obtaining offspring that exhibit either the red and dwarf phenotype, or the yellow and tall phenotype?
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Which of Mendel's laws explains the observation that during gamete formation, the parental alleles for a specific trait separate so that each gamete carries only one allele for that trait?
Which of Mendel's laws explains the observation that during gamete formation, the parental alleles for a specific trait separate so that each gamete carries only one allele for that trait?
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What proportion of the offspring from the cross of two dihybrid plants (RrTt x RrTt) are expected to be homozygous dominant for at least one of the two traits?
What proportion of the offspring from the cross of two dihybrid plants (RrTt x RrTt) are expected to be homozygous dominant for at least one of the two traits?
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In the cross of Female A and Male A, what does the observed 1:1 phenotypic ratio of black to white offspring indicate about the parents' genotypes?
In the cross of Female A and Male A, what does the observed 1:1 phenotypic ratio of black to white offspring indicate about the parents' genotypes?
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If a black offspring from the cross of Female A and Male A is crossed with a white individual, what is the probability of their offspring having the white phenotype?
If a black offspring from the cross of Female A and Male A is crossed with a white individual, what is the probability of their offspring having the white phenotype?
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In the cross of Female B and Male A, all offspring are black. What does this reveal about Female B's genotype?
In the cross of Female B and Male A, all offspring are black. What does this reveal about Female B's genotype?
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Given the provided information, if a red flower plant (RR) was crossed with a white flower plant (WW) and the offspring produced pink flowers, what type of inheritance pattern is this?
Given the provided information, if a red flower plant (RR) was crossed with a white flower plant (WW) and the offspring produced pink flowers, what type of inheritance pattern is this?
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In a scenario where red and white coat colors in cattle are both fully expressed (red and white hairs present), what type of genetic inheritance is demonstrated?
In a scenario where red and white coat colors in cattle are both fully expressed (red and white hairs present), what type of genetic inheritance is demonstrated?
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An autosomal dominant trait can be passed from a father to his son.
An autosomal dominant trait can be passed from a father to his son.
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In sex-linked recessive inheritance, fathers will always pass the trait to their sons.
In sex-linked recessive inheritance, fathers will always pass the trait to their sons.
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In an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, an affected child must always have had at least one affected parent.
In an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, an affected child must always have had at least one affected parent.
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A sex-linked recessive trait will show up more commonly in females than in males.
A sex-linked recessive trait will show up more commonly in females than in males.
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Meiosis results in the production of four identical diploid gametes.
Meiosis results in the production of four identical diploid gametes.
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Crossing over occurs during Metaphase I of meiosis.
Crossing over occurs during Metaphase I of meiosis.
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Random assortment during meiosis contributes to genetic variation by creating new gene combinations not seen in the parental cells.
Random assortment during meiosis contributes to genetic variation by creating new gene combinations not seen in the parental cells.
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The unique species of the Galapagos Islands are not useful for studying evolution.
The unique species of the Galapagos Islands are not useful for studying evolution.
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Darwin's theory of natural selection was solely based on the work of Malthus
Darwin's theory of natural selection was solely based on the work of Malthus
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The concept of 'fitness' in biology refers only to an organism’s ability to survive in their habitat.
The concept of 'fitness' in biology refers only to an organism’s ability to survive in their habitat.
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Lamarck is credited with the theory of natural selection.
Lamarck is credited with the theory of natural selection.
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Lyell's studies on geology supported the idea that the Earth was unchanging.
Lyell's studies on geology supported the idea that the Earth was unchanging.
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Malthus's work on population growth implied resources could infinitely sustain a population without limits.
Malthus's work on population growth implied resources could infinitely sustain a population without limits.
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Lamarck proposed the concept of 'use it or lose it' regarding the inheritance of traits.
Lamarck proposed the concept of 'use it or lose it' regarding the inheritance of traits.
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Darwin and Lamarck both viewed the concept of change over time in a similar fashion.
Darwin and Lamarck both viewed the concept of change over time in a similar fashion.
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Evolution always occurs at a constant rate, regardless of environmental stability.
Evolution always occurs at a constant rate, regardless of environmental stability.
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Darwin was the first evolutionist.
Darwin was the first evolutionist.
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The bottleneck effect is a type of genetic drift where allele frequencies change due to random chance regardless of population size.
The bottleneck effect is a type of genetic drift where allele frequencies change due to random chance regardless of population size.
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Genetic drift leads to an increase in genetic variation within a small population because new alleles are introduced through random events.
Genetic drift leads to an increase in genetic variation within a small population because new alleles are introduced through random events.
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Divergent evolution occurs when geographically separated populations of the same species experience similar selective pressures, causing them to become more alike over time.
Divergent evolution occurs when geographically separated populations of the same species experience similar selective pressures, causing them to become more alike over time.
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Geographical isolation can lead to speciation because separated populations can no longer interbreed, this allows them to develop distinct characteristics that result in a new species
Geographical isolation can lead to speciation because separated populations can no longer interbreed, this allows them to develop distinct characteristics that result in a new species
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Giraffes developed longer necks solely due to environmental needs, without any other factors at play.
Giraffes developed longer necks solely due to environmental needs, without any other factors at play.
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The process of natural selection resulted in shorter-necked giraffes having higher reproductive rates compared to the long neck giraffes
The process of natural selection resulted in shorter-necked giraffes having higher reproductive rates compared to the long neck giraffes
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A giraffe that develops a longer neck during its lifetime will pass this acquired characteristic directly to its offspring.
A giraffe that develops a longer neck during its lifetime will pass this acquired characteristic directly to its offspring.
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Overpopulation is one contributing factor for causing competition for resources among giraffes.
Overpopulation is one contributing factor for causing competition for resources among giraffes.
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5 neck variations occur in giraffes
5 neck variations occur in giraffes
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The giraffe's ability to reach higher leaves is a structural adaptation that provides a survival advantage in a more competitive environment.
The giraffe's ability to reach higher leaves is a structural adaptation that provides a survival advantage in a more competitive environment.
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Use and disuse of the giraffe's claws directly led to them developing more pronounced claws over time.
Use and disuse of the giraffe's claws directly led to them developing more pronounced claws over time.
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The text describes a stabilizing selection, favouring average-length necks in the giraffe population.
The text describes a stabilizing selection, favouring average-length necks in the giraffe population.
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The competition that exists in the giraffe population is mainly for water, not for food.
The competition that exists in the giraffe population is mainly for water, not for food.
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Once adaptation of a longer neck is achieved by a giraffe, other physical traits of the giraffe are always less likely to adapt further.
Once adaptation of a longer neck is achieved by a giraffe, other physical traits of the giraffe are always less likely to adapt further.
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If the frequency of the recessive allele, q, is 0.32, then the frequency of the dominant allele, p, is 0.68.
If the frequency of the recessive allele, q, is 0.32, then the frequency of the dominant allele, p, is 0.68.
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The homozygous dominant phenotype frequency in the population, given p = 0.68, is approximately 46%.
The homozygous dominant phenotype frequency in the population, given p = 0.68, is approximately 46%.
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In a population of 135 individuals, approximately 59 individuals will express the heterozygous trait if 2pq = 0.4352.
In a population of 135 individuals, approximately 59 individuals will express the heterozygous trait if 2pq = 0.4352.
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Natural selection is an active process that causes a disruption in genetic equilibrium.
Natural selection is an active process that causes a disruption in genetic equilibrium.
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Artificial selection occurs in a natural environment and does not purposely select specific traits.
Artificial selection occurs in a natural environment and does not purposely select specific traits.
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The peppered moth is an example of artificial selection because humans selected moth colors for breeding.
The peppered moth is an example of artificial selection because humans selected moth colors for breeding.
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Geographical distribution of species provides no evidence for the theory of evolution, and species are randomly distributed regardless of location.
Geographical distribution of species provides no evidence for the theory of evolution, and species are randomly distributed regardless of location.
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The fossil record demonstrates that life on Earth remains static. There are no changes over time in response to environmental changes.
The fossil record demonstrates that life on Earth remains static. There are no changes over time in response to environmental changes.
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Homologous structures are body structures that are similar in form and function and are found only in similar species.
Homologous structures are body structures that are similar in form and function and are found only in similar species.
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Similarities in the bone structure of a bat wing, whale flipper, horse leg, and human hand provide evidence against the notion of common ancestry.
Similarities in the bone structure of a bat wing, whale flipper, horse leg, and human hand provide evidence against the notion of common ancestry.
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Flashcards
Heterozygous
Heterozygous
An individual with two different alleles for a particular trait. For example, a pea plant with one allele for tallness (T) and one allele for shortness (t).
Recessive Trait
Recessive Trait
A trait that is only expressed when two copies of the recessive allele are present. For example, a pea plant with two alleles for shortness (tt) will be short.
Cross Pollination
Cross Pollination
The process of transferring pollen from one plant to another. Used by Mendel to create specific crosses and study inheritance.
Purebred
Purebred
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Genotype
Genotype
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Law of Segregation
Law of Segregation
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Law of Dominance
Law of Dominance
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Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Independent Assortment
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Test Cross
Test Cross
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Probability
Probability
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Dominant Inheritance
Dominant Inheritance
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Codominance
Codominance
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Incomplete Dominance
Incomplete Dominance
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Monohybrid Cross
Monohybrid Cross
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Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
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Sex-Linked Recessive Inheritance
Sex-Linked Recessive Inheritance
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Meiosis
Meiosis
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Crossing Over
Crossing Over
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Segregation of Chromosomes
Segregation of Chromosomes
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Random Assortment
Random Assortment
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Importance of Variation
Importance of Variation
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Fitness
Fitness
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Lamarckism
Lamarckism
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Geology
Geology
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Malthusian Theory
Malthusian Theory
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Evolution
Evolution
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Heredity
Heredity
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Reproductive Success
Reproductive Success
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Acquired Characteristics
Acquired Characteristics
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Artificial Selection
Artificial Selection
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Biogeography
Biogeography
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Homologous Structures
Homologous Structures
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Fossil Record
Fossil Record
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Disruptive Selection
Disruptive Selection
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Geographic Isolation
Geographic Isolation
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Genetic Drift
Genetic Drift
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Gene Flow
Gene Flow
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
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Bottleneck Effect
Bottleneck Effect
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Divergent Evolution
Divergent Evolution
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Speciation
Speciation
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Genetic Variation
Genetic Variation
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Directional Selection
Directional Selection
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Stabilizing Selection
Stabilizing Selection
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Adaptation
Adaptation
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Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
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Survival of the Fittest
Survival of the Fittest
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Competition
Competition
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Use and Disuse
Use and Disuse
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Variation
Variation
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Study Notes
Unit and Exam Review Booklet Key - Biology 40S: 2015
- This document is a review booklet for Biology 40S in 2015.
- It contains unit scores and vocabulary reviews for Units 1, 2, and 3.
- It also includes questions and answers related to Mendelian genetics, human inheritance, molecular genetics, and evolutionary theory.
Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics and Human Inheritance
- Vocabulary Review: Includes definitions for heterozygous, dominant, monohybrid, purebred, recessive, test cross, genotype, cross-pollinating, homozygous recessive, phenotype, etc.
- Cross-Pollination: A method used by Mendel to transfer pollen between plants.
- Purebred: Self-pollinating plants used before cross-pollination experiments.
- Monohybrid Cross: A cross involving only one trait.
- Recessive Trait: A trait hidden in a heterozygous condition.
- Homozygous Recessive: An organism with two recessive alleles for a trait.
- Heterozygous: An organism with two different alleles for a trait.
- Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism.
- Phenotype: The physical expression of genes.
- Dominant Trait: A trait that hides a recessive trait's expression in a heterozygous condition.
- Test Cross: Used to determine the unknown genotype of an organism.
- Dihybrid Trait Determination: Explains how dihybrid trait gametes are determined using the FOIL method.
- Genotypic Ratio of Heterozygous Organisms Explains the genotypic ratio, 1:2:1, when two heterozygous organisms mate.
- Phenotypic Ratio of Dihybrid Cross: Analyzes the expected phenotypic ratio (9:3:3:1) from a dihybrid cross between heterozygous parents.
- Dominant vs Recessive Traits in Peas: Explains the relationship between genes for round vs wrinkled seeds in pea plants and how they relate as either dominant or recessive.
- Probability of Traits in Offspring: Calculations for the probability of producing yellow and tall tomatoes in the offspring from a cross between hybrid plants.
- Heterozygous vs Homozygous Traits: Explains how two organisms can have the same phenotype but their genotypes are different.
- Human Blood Types and Inheritance: Explains how blood type inheritance is possible through analysis of the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.
Unit 2: Molecular Genetics
- Nucleotide Structure: Contains three parts: sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
- DNA vs RNA: Outlines the key differences between DNA and RNA based on sugar types, bases, shape, and strands.
- Protein Synthesis: Explains DNA replication, transcription, and translation, with details on the process of each and the roles of enzymes (e.g., helicase, ligase, DNA polymerase III, RNA polymerase).
- Base Pairing Rules: Explains Chargaff's rules regarding base pairings in DNA.
- Types of RNA: Describes the structures and functions of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in the protein synthesis process.
- Genetic Code: An explanation of a codon and anticodon and their roles in protein synthesis.
- Mutations: Explains what a point mutation and frameshift mutation is and the effects each has on the protein structure and function of organisms.
- Gene Therapy: Describes the goals and process of gene therapy for correcting genetic disorders.
- Recombinant DNA Technology: Explains the steps in creating recombinant DNA, including isolating plasmids, cutting DNA with restriction enzymes, and inserting the new DNA creating recombinant DNA.
Unit 3: Evolutionary Theory
- Evolution Definition: Explains evolution as the change in heritable traits in populations over time.
- Darwin's Observations and Work: Explores the relationship between animals and plants in the Galapagos Islands and Darwin's insights into evolution and natural selection.
- Natural Selection: Details of the natural selection theory, including overpopulation, competition, variation, and adaptation.
- Evolutionary Mechanisms: Discusses the mechanisms that drive evolution: natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, non-random mating and large or small gene pools. It also discusses various types of selection.
- Geographic Isolation and Speciation: Explains how geographical isolation can lead to speciation through divergent evolution.
- Adaptations and Natural Selection: Discusses how traits are adaptations and how natural selection favours organisms that are better adapted to their environment.
- Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium: Outlines the two main theories about the pace of evolution.
- Phylogenetic Trees: Used to illustrate evolutionary relationships.
- Evidence for Evolution: Discusses similarities in structures (homologous and analogous) between organisms as supporting evidence for evolutionary relationships.
- Vestigial Structures: Describes structures in organisms that are reduced and may not serve a function, suggesting a common ancestor.
- Genetic Drift: Describes the impact of genetic drift on allele frequencies, especially in small populations.
- Bottleneck Effect: When a random event drastically reduces a population's size and genetic diversity.
- Founder Effect: A type of genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, leading to reduced genetic variation in the new population.
- Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: The theoretical condition in which allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation.
- Natural Selection and Genetic Variations: In a stable environment, there is no driving force for evolution. In an unstable environment, significant factors that drive evolution include natural selection, genetic variations, competition, and overpopulation.
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Description
This quiz covers the key concepts from the Biology 40S curriculum, focusing on Mendelian genetics and human inheritance from 2015. It includes vocabulary reviews and essential topics such as monohybrid crosses, traits, and genetic terms. Prepare effectively for your exam with this comprehensive review!
