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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the exocrine pancreas?
What is the primary function of the exocrine pancreas?
What structure is primarily responsible for hormone production in the pancreas?
What structure is primarily responsible for hormone production in the pancreas?
Which term refers to the union of ducts and acini in the pancreas?
Which term refers to the union of ducts and acini in the pancreas?
What role do centroacinar cells play in the pancreas?
What role do centroacinar cells play in the pancreas?
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Which type of duct collects secretions from the acinus?
Which type of duct collects secretions from the acinus?
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What distinguishes extramural glands from intramural glands?
What distinguishes extramural glands from intramural glands?
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Which type of gland features a secretory unit that is composed of multiple secretory units connected to a branched duct?
Which type of gland features a secretory unit that is composed of multiple secretory units connected to a branched duct?
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Which secretion mode involves the whole cell disintegrating to release its content?
Which secretion mode involves the whole cell disintegrating to release its content?
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What type of secretion is characterized by a viscous product with an elongated, squeezed nucleus?
What type of secretion is characterized by a viscous product with an elongated, squeezed nucleus?
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What structure surrounds glandular acini and ducts and aids in the secretion process?
What structure surrounds glandular acini and ducts and aids in the secretion process?
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Which gland type is specifically noted for having a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum for protein synthesis?
Which gland type is specifically noted for having a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum for protein synthesis?
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Which gland type involves the pinching off of large membrane portions while the cell remains intact?
Which gland type involves the pinching off of large membrane portions while the cell remains intact?
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What is a common feature of both alveolar and tubular glands?
What is a common feature of both alveolar and tubular glands?
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What is the primary function of secretory epithelia?
What is the primary function of secretory epithelia?
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Which type of gland secretes products directly into the bloodstream?
Which type of gland secretes products directly into the bloodstream?
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What characterizes unicellular exocrine glands?
What characterizes unicellular exocrine glands?
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What is a key difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
What is a key difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
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Which of the following modes of secretion refers to the entire cell being shed to release its products?
Which of the following modes of secretion refers to the entire cell being shed to release its products?
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What structural feature is characteristic of goblet cells?
What structural feature is characteristic of goblet cells?
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What type of exocrine gland secretes through ducts into specific sites, often for protective functions?
What type of exocrine gland secretes through ducts into specific sites, often for protective functions?
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Which feature is NOT used to classify exocrine glands?
Which feature is NOT used to classify exocrine glands?
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Which duct is described as the smallest and is continuous with intralobular ducts?
Which duct is described as the smallest and is continuous with intralobular ducts?
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What specific feature do striated ducts possess that assists in ion transport?
What specific feature do striated ducts possess that assists in ion transport?
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Which gland type consists of a single secretory unit and one duct?
Which gland type consists of a single secretory unit and one duct?
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What type of secretion is associated with the compound tubuloalveolar gland?
What type of secretion is associated with the compound tubuloalveolar gland?
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Which gland is an example of a compound acinus or tubuloacinar gland?
Which gland is an example of a compound acinus or tubuloacinar gland?
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What is the main function of the intercalated duct in the pancreas?
What is the main function of the intercalated duct in the pancreas?
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In which part of the small intestine does the major pancreatic duct arrive?
In which part of the small intestine does the major pancreatic duct arrive?
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Which gland type is characterized by branched ducts and multiple secretory sacs?
Which gland type is characterized by branched ducts and multiple secretory sacs?
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What is true about mixed exocrine glands?
What is true about mixed exocrine glands?
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Which of the following structures is associated with the crypts of Lieberkühn?
Which of the following structures is associated with the crypts of Lieberkühn?
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Study Notes
Glandular Epithelia
- Specialized cells producing secretions
- Secretion is the release of substances via exocytosis, not waste
- Molecules can be stored in vesicles, secretion can be continuous or regulated
Exocrine Glands
- Secrete products into excretory ducts to specific locations
- Examples include sweat glands, sebaceous glands, salivary glands and many more
Endocrine Glands
- Secrete products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream
- Hormones travel to target sites via specific signals and receptors
Origin of Secretory Epithelia
- Originate from differentiated exocrine and endocrine glands
- Exocrine develop from upper portion of epithelial cells, expand and form ducts
- Endocrine glands develop similarly but lose duct formation, secretory portion surrounded by capillaries
Classification of Exocrine Glands
- Based on number of cells (unicellular or multicellular)
- Location (intramural or extramural)
- Shape of secretory unit (alveolar/acinular or tubular)
- Branching pattern (simple or compound)
- Mode of secretion (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine)
- Type of secretion (nature of the product)
Unicellular Exocrine Glands
- Primarily goblet cells
- Tall cells with a squeezed nucleus at the base
- Cytoplasm filled with mucinogen droplets (mucous)
- Found in simple and pseudostratified epithelium, trachea, and the small intestine
Multicellular Exocrine Glands
- Composed of aggregates (groups) of cells
- Include sweat glands, sebaceous glands, various glands in many organs
- Example is the pancreas, salivary glands, and mammary glands
Gland Shape
- Alveolar/acinar glands are rounded
- Tubular glands are elongated
- Can exhibit branching
Gland Branching
- Simple glands have one secretory unit and non-branched duct
- Simple branched have two or more secretory units and a non-branched duct
- Compound have more than one secretory unit and a branched duct
Modes of Secretion
- Merocrine: secretion released through exocytosis, cell remains intact
- Apocrine: portions of the cell membrane and some cytoplasm pinched off, cell remains intact
- Holocrine: cells rupture/disintegrate entirely to release contents, cells are continuously replaced
Nature of Secretion
- Serous: watery secretions, rich in protein
- Mucous: viscous secretions, rich in mucin
Mixed Glands
- Secrete both serous and mucous fluids
- Golgi apparatus is typically well-developed for mucous production, while rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is developed for protein synthesis
Myoepithelial Cells
- Specialized cells surrounding glandular acini and ducts
- Possess contractile properties (actin, myosin, and cytokeratin)
- Squeeze secretions out of the gland
Pancreas
- Exocrine and endocrine function
- Exocrine: compound tubulo-acinar glands, produce digestive enzymes, flow into the duodenum
- Endocrine: islets of Langerhans produce hormones (e.g., insulin)
Centroacinar Cells
- Can differentiate into secretory cells, capable of renewing duct epithelium
Intercalated Ducts
- Smallest ducts in the pancreas
- Extend to the lumen of the secretory acinus (the sac in which materials are collected)
Striated Ducts
- Increase electrolyte concentration of secretions
- Have basal infoldings for ion transport
Collecting Ducts
- Formed by merging intralobular ducts
- Connect to the main pancreatic duct (Wirsung duct)
Mixed Exocrine Glands
- Common in the pancreas; predominance of serous or mucous secretions
Simple Glands
- Contain a single secretory unit, single duct
- Include those in the nose, urethra, sebaceous glands, crypts of Lieberkühn, sweat glands, gastric glands
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of glandular epithelia, including the differences between exocrine and endocrine glands, their functions, and classification. Students will learn about secretion mechanisms and gland structure to understand how these specialized cells contribute to bodily functions.
