Questions and Answers
Which type of gland is characterized by the absence of a duct?
What distinguishes unicellular glands from multicellular glands?
Which of the following is an example of a mixed gland?
What type of gland has a single duct and a branched secretory part?
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Which gland type has both branched ducts and branched secretory parts?
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Which of the following glands is classified as exocrine?
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What type of simple gland has a flask-shaped secretory part?
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Which gland characteristic is used for classifying glands based on their secretion?
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What is the primary function of M2 macrophages?
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Where are plasma cells primarily located?
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Which type of adipocyte is characterized by having multiple fat droplets?
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What is the primary origin of macrophages in connective tissue?
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What unique structural characteristic do reticular cells possess in connective tissue?
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Which type of connective tissue primarily forms wavy bundles and resists stretch?
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Which collagen type is predominantly found in cartilage and is crucial for its structure?
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What is the characteristic feature of yellow elastic fibers?
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Which type of connective tissue matrix component is described as adhesive and found in cartilage and bone?
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Where in the body would you most likely find Type III collagen?
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Study Notes
Glandular Epithelium
- Glandular epithelium is a modified type of epithelium specialized for secretion.
Classification of Glands
- Glands are classified based on various criteria:
- Presence or absence of duct
- Number of cells
- Branching and shape of duct and secretory part
- Type of secretion
Presence or Absence of Duct
-
Endocrine Glands:
- Lack ducts.
- Examples: Suprarenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands.
-
Exocrine Glands:
- Possess ducts.
- Example: Salivary glands.
-
Mixed Glands:
- Exhibit both endocrine and exocrine functions.
- Examples: Liver and pancreas.
Number of Cells
-
Unicellular Glands:
- Composed of a single cell, like goblet cells.
-
Multicellular Glands:
- Made up of multiple cells.
- Examples include liver, pancreas, and salivary glands.
Branching and Shape of Duct/Secretory Part
-
Simple Glands:
- Have a single and unbranched duct.
- Types include:
- Simple tubular glands (e.g., intestinal glands)
- Simple alveolar glands (e.g., male urethra)
- Simple coiled glands (e.g., sweat glands)
-
Simple Branched Glands:
- Characterized by a single unbranched duct but branched secretory part.
- Types include:
- Simple branched tubular (e.g., stomach)
- Simple branched alveolar (e.g., sebaceous glands)
-
Compound Branched Glands:
- Both duct and secretory parts are branched.
- Types include:
- Compound branched tubular (e.g., submandibular glands)
- Compound branched alveolar (e.g., other complex structures)
Overview of Connective Tissue
- Connective tissue (CT) supports, binds, and separates various tissues and organs.
- Comprises of cells, fibers, and an extracellular matrix (ground substance).
Types of Connective Tissue
-
Connective tissue proper:
- Loose connective tissue: Provides elasticity and support.
- Dense connective tissue: Offers strength and resistance to stress.
-
Special types of connective tissue:
- Cartilage: Supportive tissue allowing flexibility.
- Bone: Rigid supportive tissue providing structure.
- Blood: Liquid connective tissue facilitating transport.
- Hematopoietic tissue: Produces blood cells.
- Lymphoid tissue: Part of the immune system.
Types of Connective Tissue Fibers
- White collagenous fibers: Strong, resist stretching; form wavy bundles.
- Yellow elastic fibers: Thin, highly elastic; found in arteries and respiratory passages.
- Reticular fibers: Form a network; argyrophilic, found in lymphoid organs.
Collagen Types and Their Sites
- Type I: Most common; located in bone, tendons, teeth, dermis.
- Type II: Found in hyaline and elastic cartilage.
- Type III: Present in liver, spleen, kidneys, and lymph nodes.
- Type IV: Located in basal lamina of basement membranes.
- Type V: Found in basal lamina of the placenta.
Marfan Syndrome
- Caused by deficient elastin deposition; leads to life-threatening aneurysms.
Ground Substance Components
- Composed of:
- Amorphous component: Includes glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and glycoproteins.
- Fibrous component: Contains collagen and elastic fibers.
- Tissue fluid: Provides nutrient transport and waste removal.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
- Non-sulfated type (Hyaluronic acid): Soft, jelly-like; found in Wharton's jelly in umbilical cord and synovial fluid.
- Sulfated type (Chondroitin sulfate): Hard; found in cartilage and bone.
Fixed (Resident) Connective Tissue Cells
- Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells (UMCs): Multipotent stem cells.
- Fibroblasts: Main cell type responsible for ECM synthesis and wound healing.
- Adipocytes: Store fat; include brown and white adipocytes.
- Reticular cells: Synthesize collagen III for supportive functions.
- Fixed Macrophages (Histiocytes): Phagocytic cells that clear debris.
Free (Wandering) Connective Tissue Cells
- Plasma cells: Derived from B-lymphocytes; secrete antibodies for humoral immunity.
- Mast cells: Release heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine; increase in allergic reactions.
- Wandering macrophages: Immune cells that migrate to sites of inflammation.
Types of Adipocytes
- Brown adipocytes: Found primarily in neonates and children; important for thermoregulation.
- White adipocytes: Larger than brown, located around organs and in subcutaneous layers; important for energy storage.
Functions of Connective Tissue
- Provides structural support and protection for organs.
- Facilitates interconnectivity and communication between different tissues.
- Contributes to immune responses through macrophages and lymphoid tissues.
- Stores energy in the form of fat through adipocytes.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of glands in this anatomy unit. Learn about glandular epithelium, its classification based on various criteria like duct presence, cell number, and secretion types. Understand the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands with detailed examples.
