Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why do proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have a long duration of action?
Why do proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have a long duration of action?
- They only bind to proton pumps in the duodenum.
- They selectively and irreversibly bind to proton pumps. (correct)
- They are rapidly metabolized in the liver.
- They increase the production of gastric acid.
Which of the following is a recognized side effect of PPIs, such as esomeprazole?
Which of the following is a recognized side effect of PPIs, such as esomeprazole?
- Hypermagnesemia
- Hypokalemia
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypomagnesemia (correct)
When is the optimum effect of antacids achieved?
When is the optimum effect of antacids achieved?
- 1-3 hours after food (correct)
- Immediately before food
- With food
- On an empty stomach
Why is sucralfate administered on an empty stomach?
Why is sucralfate administered on an empty stomach?
Carbenoxolone, a derivative of glycyrrhizic acid from liquorice, is used in the treatment of which condition?
Carbenoxolone, a derivative of glycyrrhizic acid from liquorice, is used in the treatment of which condition?
What is a potential side effect of carbenoxolone, a derivative of glycyrrhizic acid?
What is a potential side effect of carbenoxolone, a derivative of glycyrrhizic acid?
In which type of ulcer is an aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide gel antacid given hourly?
In which type of ulcer is an aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide gel antacid given hourly?
Which type of laxative is senna?
Which type of laxative is senna?
What is the mechanism of action of paraffin as a laxative?
What is the mechanism of action of paraffin as a laxative?
Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) is categorized under which type of laxative?
Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) is categorized under which type of laxative?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using psyllium husk?
Which of the following is a contraindication for using psyllium husk?
Lactulose is classified as what type of laxative?
Lactulose is classified as what type of laxative?
Esophageal varices are commonly treated with which medication?
Esophageal varices are commonly treated with which medication?
Why is metoclopramide contraindicated in patients with Parkinsonism?
Why is metoclopramide contraindicated in patients with Parkinsonism?
What is the primary function of simethicone?
What is the primary function of simethicone?
What is the mechanism of action of lansoprazole?
What is the mechanism of action of lansoprazole?
Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor?
Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor?
What is the effect of ranitidine on gastric acid secretion?
What is the effect of ranitidine on gastric acid secretion?
A pregnant woman complains of constipation. Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate to recommend?
A pregnant woman complains of constipation. Which of the following would be the MOST appropriate to recommend?
A very rare side effect of Docusate Sodium is?
A very rare side effect of Docusate Sodium is?
Flashcards
Celiac disease
Celiac disease
Inability of the small intestines to absorb gluten.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
Selectively and irreversibly bind to proton pumps, inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid.
PPIs and CYP enzymes
PPIs and CYP enzymes
PPIs effect on these enzymes differs from one PPI to another.
PPIs and Pseudomembranous colitis
PPIs and Pseudomembranous colitis
PPIs are not associated with this specific inflammatory bowel condition treatment.
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Hypomagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia
A side effect of PPIs, e.g., esomeprazole, resulting in low magnesium levels.
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Antacids
Antacids
These medications decrease the absorption of PPIs and are most effective 1-3 hours after food.
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Sucralfate
Sucralfate
Medication used in peptic ulcer treatment on an empty stomach; it acts as a protective layer.
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Omeprazole Use
Omeprazole Use
Used for breastfeeding mothers when antacids and ranitidine are ineffective.
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Senna
Senna
Stimulant laxative for opioid-induced constipation.
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Paraffin
Paraffin
Laxatives that work by lubricating the fecal mass.
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Magnesium Sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate
Epsom salt, an osmotic laxative.
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Polyethylene Glycol
Polyethylene Glycol
An osmotic laxative.
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Lactulose
Lactulose
An osmotic laxative that is a disaccharide (lactose and fructose).
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Barrett's Esophagus
Barrett's Esophagus
Condition caused by acid reflux, leading to an inflamed esophagus.
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Esophageal varices
Esophageal varices
Treatment involves propranolol. These are enlarged veins in the lining of esophagus.
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Ranitidine
Ranitidine
Blocks H2-receptor, decreasing gastric acid secretion.
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Simethicone
Simethicone
Contains silicon, eases gas in the stomach and intestines.
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Parietal cells
Parietal cells
Epithelial cells in the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.
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Docusate sodium
Docusate sodium
Stool softener used in pregnancy; Side effect is chronic flatulence.
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Golimumab
Golimumab
Used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis; effective within 6 weeks.
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- Celiac disease results in the inability of the small intestines to absorb gluten.
- Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have a long duration of action because they selectively and irreversibly bind to the proton pumps in the stomach, thereby inhibiting gastric acid secretion.
- PPIs affect CYP enzymes differently from one PPI to another.
- PPIs are not associated with pseudomembranous colitis treatment.
- Hypomagnesemia has recently been recognized as a side effect of PPIs, such as esomeprazole.
- Antacids decrease the absorption of PPIs and have optimum effect when taken 1-3 hours after food.
- A good antacid can raise the pH from a normal value of 1-2 to a pH of 3.5.
- Sucralfate is used in peptic ulcer treatment on an empty stomach as a protective layer for the stomach wall, but should not be used with food or antacids.
- Omeprazole is prescribed for breastfeeding mothers who have not responded to antacids and ranitidine.
- Sulfasalazine is poorly absorbed from the GIT, making it useful in ulcerative colitis treatment.
- Carbenoxolone, derived from glycyrrhizic acid extracted from liquorice, treats gastric and duodenal ulcers, with SE including aldosterone-like effects like HTN (hypertension) and urinary retention.
- Aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide gel antacid is given hourly in duodenal ulcer cases.
- Senna is a stimulant laxative that can be used for opioid-induced constipation.
- Phenolphthalein and castor oil are stimulant laxatives that act as intestinal irritants.
- Paraffin is a laxative that works by lubricating the fecal mass and the colon walls.
- Magnesium sulfate, also known as Epsom salt, is an osmotic laxative.
- Polyethylene glycol is an osmotic laxative.
- Calcium polycarbophil treats constipation.
- Psyllium husk is a gentle, bulk-forming, long-acting laxative, but is contraindicated in individuals with gallstones.
- Stimulant laxatives like senna and bisacodyl stimulate bowel contractions, potentially causing dependence with prolonged use.
- Magnesium sulfate and citrate are osmotic laxatives, while magnesium hydroxide works as an osmotic laxative, chemical antacid, and as magnesium stearate which acts as a lubricant.
- Lactulose is an osmotic laxative.
- Lactulose "osmotic laxative" is a disaccharide composed of lactose and fructose.
- Barrett's esophagus is caused by acid reflux, which results in an inflamed esophagus.
- Esophageal varices treatment includes propranolol, which addresses enlarged veins in the esophagus that develop as a complication of portal hypertension.
- Metoclopramide is used in peptic ulcer patients to decrease ulcer contact and increase evacuation, but is contraindicated in patients with Parkinson's disease due to dopamine receptor blockade; Domperidone is an antiemetic for Parkinson's since it does not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
- Diphenoxylate and loperamide are used in treating acute uncomplicated diarrhea, but are not recommended for children.
- Following gallbladder removal, the emulsification of fats is impaired due to the absence of bile acid function.
- Lansoprazole forms a covalent bond with the proton pumps, specifically the H+/K+-ATPase enzyme.
- Cirrhosis involves progressive fibrosis and scarring of the liver.
- Ranitidine blocks H2-receptors, that decreases gastric acid secretion, and is dosed at 150 mg twice a day.
- Simethicone contains silicon, classified as such, and serves as a miscellaneous GIT agent for gas relief; it is an antiflatulent.
- Parietal cells, also known as oxyntic cells, are epithelial cells found in the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.
- Docusate sodium is a stool softener used during pregnancy, but may cause chronic flatulence as a side effect.
- Golimumab is employed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and typically shows effectiveness within 6 weeks, which requires continued treatment.
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