COPY: lec 2

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What does a negative value of ΔG indicate about a reaction?

The reaction is at equilibrium.

The reaction requires heat to proceed.

The reaction absorbs energy.

The reaction is spontaneous and releases energy. (exergonic) (correct)

What does the variable T in the Gibbs equation represent?

Total energy of the system

Thermal capacity of the system

Time duration of the reaction

Temperature in Kelvin (correct)

Which of the following statements about endergonic reactions is true?

They release energy into the surrounding environment.

They are characterized by a positive value of ΔG. (correct)

They occur spontaneously without energy input.

They result in a negative value of ΔG.

If ΔH is greater than TΔS in the Gibbs equation, what can be inferred about ΔG?

ΔG is positive and the reaction is non-spontaneous. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Gibbs equation, what does the term ΔS represent?

Change in entropy of the system. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an exothermic reaction?

It releases heat to the surroundings. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the heat content of reactants and products in an endothermic reaction?

Heat content of products is greater than that of reactants. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a negative enthalpy change (ΔH) in a reaction?

The reaction will release heat. Signup and view all the answers

In the Gibbs free energy equation, what influence does increasing temperature (T) have on ΔG when ΔH is positive?

ΔG becomes less negative or more positive. Signup and view all the answers

How is the standard enthalpy change (ΔH) characterized for a reaction that releases heat?

It is negative. Signup and view all the answers

What does an increase in entropy (+ve value) indicate about a system?

The system has gained disorder. Signup and view all the answers

How is the absolute temperature of 25 degrees Celsius expressed in Kelvin?

298K Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between products and reactants concerning entropy?

Products can be more disordered than reactants. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when there is a loss of entropy in a system?

The system becomes more ordered. Signup and view all the answers

If a substance experiences an increase in disorder, what is the expected change in its entropy value?

Entropy value increases. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason gases drive reactions forward compared to solids and liquids?

Gases have higher entropy than liquids or solids. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best explains enthalpic contributions to chemical processes?

Enthalpic processes can occur due to heat release. Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing disorder among reactants and products relate to chemical reactions?

Increased disorder facilitates reactions by increasing entropy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of forming gaseous products in a reaction?

Forming gaseous products can drive a reaction forward due to increased entropy. Signup and view all the answers

What role does entropy play in the favorability of processes involving gas products?

Higher entropy from gas production can balance enthalpic changes. Signup and view all the answers

How do living systems create order from disorder despite the second law of thermodynamics?

Through spontaneous processes that convert disorder into structural complexity. Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurons play in maintaining order within living systems?

They direct the movement of electrolytes through action potentials to elicit specific responses. Signup and view all the answers

What process do cells primarily use to organize amino acids and nucleic acids?

Active transport that ensures specific sequence incorporation into proteins and nucleic acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the organization of cells compared to the principles of diffusion?

Cells actively regulate the movement of molecules, preventing disorder from diffusion. Signup and view all the answers

How do living systems challenge traditional interpretations of the second law of thermodynamics?

By using energy to create localized order, while the total entropy of the universe still increases. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best summarizes the relationship between an organism's entropy and overall system entropy?

A decrease in an organism's entropy results in an increase in the overall system entropy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of an organism decreasing its entropy?

It necessitates energy input to maintain the decrease. Signup and view all the answers

Considering the second law of thermodynamics, which scenario illustrates an organism's entropy change?

An organism using energy to create complex structures. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following principles is violated when an organism decreases its entropy without increasing the total entropy of the system?

Second law of thermodynamics. Signup and view all the answers

What does Kleiber's Law indicate about the metabolic rate of an animal when its size is doubled?

The metabolic rate increases by a factor of 1.68. Signup and view all the answers

According to Kleiber's Law, what is the exponent indicating the relationship between mass and metabolic rate?

3/4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the slope of ¾ determined by Kleiber's Law?

A diminishing return on metabolic rate with increasing mass. Signup and view all the answers

If an animal's size increases but remains less than double, what can be inferred about its metabolic rate in relation to Kleiber's Law?

The metabolic rate will slightly increase. Signup and view all the answers

What does the empirical determination of the slope ¾ in Kleiber's Law suggest about larger animals?

They require disproportionate energy compared to smaller animals. Signup and view all the answers