Genome Sequencing and Bacterial Infections
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary route of transmission for Escherichia coli?

  • Vector-borne transmission
  • Faecal oral route of transmission (correct)
  • Airborne transmission
  • Direct contact with an infected person

    • What was the outcome of the S. aureus whole genome sequencing study in the 2012 outbreak?

  • The hospital was shut down due to the severity of the outbreak
  • The source of the outbreak was never identified
  • The ward was renovated to prevent future outbreaks
  • The healthcare worker was decolonized and the ward was reopened (correct)

    • What percentage of the human population is colonized with Staphylococcus aureus?

  • 20%
  • 30% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 50%

    • What is the primary benefit of using genome sequencing for diagnostics in bacterial infections?

    <p>Rapid identification of outbreaks and sources of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the duration of the prospective surveillance study mentioned in the text?

    <p>12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of pulmonary TB cases among active TB cases?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was published in 2001 regarding Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>The first genome sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the female vs male split in patients, according to the study?

    <p>Dietary differences between men and women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the staining technique used to identify MTB?

    <p>Ziehl-Neelsen stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of betalactamase carried by the NICU strains in the Melbourne study?

    <p>blaCTX-M-15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using acidic solution in MTB staining?

    <p>To retain certain stains on MTB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate of untreated TB?

    <p>More than half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of whole-genome sequencing in identifying and typing M.tuberculosis complex?

    <p>It offers higher molecular resolution for outbreak investigations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the patient's Rockwood score?

    <p>Very fit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cases were found to be part of transmission clusters?

    <p>Over 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical timeframe for identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex using traditional methods?

    <p>1 to 2 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the comparison of sequence data between cultured and direct samples in the 2017 study?

    <p>Good concordance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the diagnosis of the patient who had a 43-day stay in the ICU?

    <p>VAP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the patient's condition on April 14th?

    <p>Asymptomatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many clusters were found to involve both hospital and community contacts?

    <p>28 clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the study by Young et al. (2012) on the evolutionary dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>It revealed the dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus during progression from carriage to disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the method used to sequence the colonies from each nasal swab in the study by Coll et al. (2017)?

    <p>Whole-genome sequencing (WGS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the conclusion of the study by Coll et al. (2017) regarding MRSA transmission?

    <p>There is equal transmission of MRSA in hospitals and the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the German 2011 EHEC outbreak study by Man et al. (2011)?

    <p>It showcased the use of rapid next-generation sequencing technology in outbreak investigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis?

    <p>Pulmonary insufficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of deaths caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the United States in 2017?

    <p>2,700</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Pseudomonas bacteria commonly found in the environment?

    <p>In soil and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of Pseudomonas that often causes infections in humans?

    <p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

    <p>Reduced effectiveness of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospitalized patients in the United States in 2017?

    <p>32,600</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bacterial Pathogens and Genome Sequencing

    • Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most common bacterial causes of gastroenteritis, with a faecal oral route of transmission (contaminated food or water).
    • Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic bacteria present in the nasal passages of 30% of the human population, but can cause serious infections when the innate immune system is breached.

    Genome Sequencing for Diagnostics

    • The first S. aureus whole genome sequence was published in 2001, requiring 5 years of work and a large team of people.
    • Genome sequencing can be used to diagnose and investigate outbreaks, as demonstrated by a 2012 study on a neonatal MRSA outbreak.
    • Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis can identify the source of an outbreak and differentiate between strains.

    Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

    • Active TB cases are predominantly pulmonary TB, with symptoms including chest pain, coughing-up blood, and a productive, prolonged cough.
    • X-ray imaging and histological staining techniques can identify MTB in expectorate samples from sputum.
    • Whole-genome sequencing can be used for rapid susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis, replacing current methods that take 1-2 months.

    Rapid Whole-Genome Sequencing for Outbreak Investigations

    • A 2013 study demonstrated the use of rapid whole-genome sequencing for investigating a neonatal MRSA outbreak.
    • The study showed that sequencing data could be used to identify the source of the outbreak, decolonize the healthcare worker, and reopen the ward.

    Staphylococcus aureus and Genome Sequencing

    • A 2017 study sequenced at least one MRSA isolate from 1465 individuals and recorded epidemiological data.
    • The study revealed transmission patterns in hospitals and the community, highlighting the need to review existing infection control policy and practice.

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a type of bacteria commonly found in the environment, which can cause infections in humans, particularly in people with weakened immune systems.
    • Antibiotic resistance is a significant problem, with multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa causing an estimated 32,600 infections among hospitalized patients and 2,700 deaths in the United States in 2017.

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    Description

    Learn how genome sequencing can help control bacterial infections, focusing on three major pathogens: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Understand the transmission routes and pathogenic mechanisms of these bacteria.

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