Microbial Genetics and Genomics Quiz

<p>The DNA transferred is limited to what the virus can accommodate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integration of single-stranded DNA into the bacterial chromosome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind and transport environmental DNA into the bacterial cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To chemically bind to host cell receptors for attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capsule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They break down tissue barriers to allow for invasion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specialized transduction involves the direct incorporation of viral DNA into the bacterial chromosome, while generalized transduction does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may inadvertently feed pathogenic bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type III secretion system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates the transfer of one strand of the F plasmid from an F+ cell to an F- cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cluster genes responsible for specialized functions such as pathogenicity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It hides the Fc antibody, making them less visible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To carry genes that enhance pathogenicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A state where pathogenic bacteria overtake the normal healthy microbiota. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjugation requires a physical connection between cells, whereas transduction does not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate attachment and can assist in motility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conjugation, where genes are transferred from one bacterium to another through a sex pilus. (A), Specialized transduction, where specific bacterial genes are transferred along with viral DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The core genome is the complete set of genes necessary for basic survival. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It filters out harmful microbes from the lungs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fermentation of glycogen into lactic acid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin is more populated with gram-positive bacteria due to resistance to environmental conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are produced by fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They detect bacteria and present them to the immune system for response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes diversification of the microbiome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher levels of commensal yeasts leading to potential infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce mucus for barrier formation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deregulation of the innate immune system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encourages an increase in beneficial bacteria that aid in digestion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By disrupting the balance between commensal and pathogenic bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human gut microbial taxa may not colonize the mouse gut. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The environment shifts towards a neutral pH. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can both mitigate and exacerbate obesity depending on the type. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supports the growth of pathogenic bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most are destroyed by the stomach's acidic pH. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By metabolizing sugars to generate short-chain fatty acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased physical fitness. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>another</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>naked</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>phage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>alive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>conjugation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>nucleotide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>shared</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cell-cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hyaluronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>macrophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>flora</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>antimicrobial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S.aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>endotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteroidetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>methanogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dysbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determines cell shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isoprene-derived lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membrane formation around replicated DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FtsZ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta 1,3 linkage between NAG and NAT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides resistance to extreme conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assists in surface attachment and biofilm formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing the duration of runs when attracted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ParM pulls chromosomes to opposite poles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows bacteria to attach to surfaces and evade the immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram-negative bacteria possess two cell membranes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a permeability barrier and facilitate energy production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the outer membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To catalyze the formation of cross-links in peptidoglycan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spirochetes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-1,4 linkages between NAG and NAM. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaeal flagella use ATP for rotation while eukaryotic flagella use a whip-like motion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A waxy outer coating of mycolic acid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both possess complex DNA with associated histones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps maintain the shape of rod-shaped bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By forming small pores in the bacterial membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By cleaving the glycosidic bonds in the peptidoglycan layer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral DNA integrates into the host genome and replicates with it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adaptive immunity through CRISPR mechanisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA into DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct cell lysis upon contact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Significant threat to host cell survival. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have archaeosine instead of guanosine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forming a ring structure to aid in septation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dipicolonic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing flagellar runs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use of pseudomurein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ParM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asymmetric division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surface attachment and biofilm formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitates tumbling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides protection against environmental threats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Can exist as a lipid bilayer or monolayer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It protects against phagocytosis and assists in pathogenicity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a protective crystalline layer against environmental stress. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of a hydrophobic waxy outer coating of mycolic acid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They catalyze the formation of peptide cross bridges between peptidoglycan layers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The membrane acts as a permeability barrier and anchors proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They possess a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer on their outer membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The capsule aids in biofilm formation and facilitates adherence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MreB protein organizes the direction of cell wall extension. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Archaeal flagella rotate unlike the whip-like motion of eukaryotic flagella. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lytic cycle results in the production of new phages leading to cell lysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Animal viruses can enter cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using reverse transcriptase to convert RNA into DNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It introduces positive supercoils to protect DNA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The preference of a virus to infect specific host tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They digest viral nucleic acids upon entry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incorporation of host-derived phospholipid bilayer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide an acquired immunity against future infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reproduction involving two organisms combining their DNA to create offspring with diverse traits.

Reproduction where one organism creates an identical copy of itself, resulting in offspring with the same traits.

Transfer of genetic material between unrelated or distantly related organisms, not through reproduction.

Bacteria takes up free, naked DNA from the environment and incorporates it into its own genome.

Genes are transferred between bacteria via a virus.

Transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct contact.

A specific piece of bacterial DNA is transferred from one infected cell to another by a phage.

Transfer of genes between bacteria through direct cell-cell contact using a sex pilus.

Bacterial strains where the F plasmid is integrated into the host chromosome.

A phage infects a bacterial cell; fragments of bacterial DNA are packaged into phage particles, and the resulting phages can transfer this DNA to another bacterium.

An imbalance in the normal gut microbiota, possibly leading to disease.

The complete set of genes found in all strains of a species.

A cluster of genes in a bacterial chromosome that likely came from another organism and is often associated with specialized functions.

A defense mechanism in the respiratory system where cilia on the lining of the trachea move mucus, trapping foreign particles and sweeping them out of the lungs.

Alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs, have specialized defenses like surfactant (an antimicrobial), mucus secretions, alveolar macrophages, and dendritic cells to protect against infections.

The urogenital tract has different microbial habitats, with the vagina being acidic due to lactic acid produced by resident bacteria, maintaining a protective environment.

The skin microbiome is influenced by diverse environmental factors such as moisture, acidity, and oil production, resulting in different microbial communities on different areas.

The gut microbiome is dominated by anaerobic bacteria, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria being the major groups. They play crucial roles in digestion, immunity, and overall health.

Commensal bacteria in the gut have a mutually beneficial relationship with the host. They aid in digestion, produce beneficial compounds like short-chain fatty acids, and contribute to immune system development.

While gut microbiota normally protects against disease, disruption of its balance can lead to opportunistic pathogens causing infection. Factors like diet, antibiotics, and stress can affect this balance.

The composition of the gut microbiota varies greatly from person to person and can change over time due to factors like diet, age, and physiology, influencing immune function and overall health.

Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in energy production, breaking down carbohydrates that humans cannot digest, providing an additional energy source for the host.

Babies born vaginally have a microbiome similar to their mother's, while C-section babies have a different microbiome.

Breastfed babies have a different gut microbiome than formula-fed babies due to the presence of complex sugars in breast milk. This promotes diverse bacteria.

As we age, our gut microbiome becomes less diverse and has more Bacteroides bacteria.

A high-fiber diet with diverse fiber types strengthens the gut microbiota by providing food for beneficial bacteria. This helps to outcompete harmful bacteria.

Dysbiosis is an imbalance of gut bacteria, often caused by factors like antibiotics, poor diet, and stress.

A high-fat diet can lead to inflammation in the gut because it increases the absorption of endotoxins, which trigger inflammatory reactions.

Gut inflammation can occur when there's a break in the gut barrier, an increase in harmful bacteria, or a disruption in the immune system.

Our gut microbiota helps us get energy by breaking down sugars into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs).

Changes in the types and amounts of gut bacteria, including methanogenic Archaea, can influence obesity.

Using mice to study the gut microbiota has limitations, as not all human gut bacteria can colonize mice, and mouse gut anatomy is different.

Glycoproteins or lipoproteins on a bacterial cell wall that bind to receptors on host cells, allowing bacteria to attach.

A polysaccharide coat surrounding bacteria that protects them from phagocytosis by hiding them from immune cells.

An enzyme produced by some bacteria that breaks down hyaluronic acid, a substance that holds cells together, allowing bacteria to invade deeper tissues.

An enzyme produced by bacteria that forms a blood clot around itself, shielding it from immune cells and providing a source of nutrients.

A syringe-like structure used by bacteria to inject proteins directly into host cells, manipulating the host cell for the bacteria's advantage.

Proteins injected by bacteria into host cells through the Type III secretion system, they manipulate host cell functions for bacterial benefit.

A system used by bacteria to secrete proteins outside the cell, similar to the Type IV pilus, often for spreading toxins or enzymes.

A system used by bacteria to secrete proteins and sometimes DNA directly from the cytoplasm or periplasm into host cells.

Passing genetic information from parent to offspring during reproduction. Think of it like a direct line of inheritance.

Transfer of genetic material between organisms not directly related through reproduction, like sharing genetic snippets.

Genes are transferred between bacteria through a virus (phage) acting as a genetic courier.

As we age, our gut microbiome loses diversity and has more Bacteroides bacteria.

The tiny air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) have specialized defenses like surfactant (an antimicrobial), mucus secretions, alveolar macrophages, and dendritic cells to protect against infections.

The urogenital tract has different microbial habitats, with the vagina being acidic due to lactic acid produced by resident bacteria, maintaining a protective environment. This acidity prevents the growth of many harmful bacteria.

The skin microbiome is influenced by diverse environmental factors such as moisture, acidity, and oil production, resulting in different microbial communities on different areas of the skin.

The gut microbiome is dominated by anaerobic bacteria, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria being the major groups. They play crucial roles in digestion, immunity, and overall health.

Commensal bacteria in the gut have a mutually beneficial relationship with the host. They aid in digestion, produce beneficial compounds like short-chain fatty acids, and contribute to immune system development.

Structures and mechanisms bacteria use to infect us, like adhesins for sticking, enzymes for invasion, and toxins for causing damage.

Bacteria with a cylindrical or elongated shape, commonly found in various environments and can cause diseases.

Bacteria with a round or spherical shape, often found in clusters or chains.

Bacteria with a helical or spiral shape, often associated with movement and motility.

A thick, organized layer of polysaccharides surrounding some bacteria, providing protection against phagocytosis and contributing to virulence.

A loose, unorganized layer of polysaccharides surrounding some bacteria, helping with adhesion to surfaces and forming biofilms.

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, staining purple in a Gram stain.

Bacteria with a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, staining pink in a Gram stain.

A complex molecule unique to bacteria, forming the cell wall and providing strength and rigidity.

The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the bacterial cell, maintaining the cell's internal environment.

The cell membrane provides a point of attachment for various proteins involved in important functions.

Steroid-like molecules found in bacterial membranes that help stabilize the membrane and maintain its fluidity, similar to cholesterol in eukaryotes.

A network of protein filaments within bacteria that provides structure, helps with shape maintenance, and plays a role in cell division.

A ring-shaped structure made of FtsZ protein that forms at the site of cell division in bacteria, helping to pinch off the dividing cells.

An actin-like protein in bacteria that helps to maintain the cell's length and shape. It's essential for cell elongation.

A filament-like protein that forms a crescent-shaped structure in certain bacteria, giving them their characteristic curved shape.

An actin-like protein involved in chromosome segregation during bacterial cell division, making sure each daughter cell gets a copy of the DNA.

The region in a bacterial cell where the DNA is located. Unlike in eukaryotes, it's not enclosed by a membrane.

A highly resistant, dormant form of some bacteria that allows them to survive harsh environmental conditions.

The process by which bacteria form endospores, involving a series of steps where the DNA is duplicated and protected by multiple layers.

Endospores allow bacteria to survive harsh conditions such as high temperatures, radiation, or lack of nutrients, ensuring survival of the species.

Archaeal flagella are homologous to bacterial flagella but use ATP for energy, unlike bacterial flagella which use the proton motive force. They also rotate like bacterial flagella, not with a whip-like motion like eukaryotic flagella.

Certain archaeal thermophiles possess a reverse gyrase enzyme that introduces positive supercoils into their DNA, protecting it from denaturation at high temperatures.

Bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes differ in their cell structures and evolutionary histories. Bacteria lack a nucleus and have a simpler internal organization. Archaea share some features with bacteria and some with eukaryotes, while eukaryotes have a nucleus and more complex internal structures.

Archaea and bacteria share similarities in gene regulation and metabolic mechanisms. Both lack a nucleus, have a single circular chromosome, and reproduce mainly through binary fission.

Archaea and eukaryotes share similarities in their DNA/RNA machinery. Both have DNA associated with histones, which help organize and protect their genetic material.

Archaea possess a distinctive modification in their tRNA molecules, where the base archaeosine replaces guanosine.

The core of a virus consists of a viral genome, which can be either DNA or RNA. This genome is encased within a protective protein shell called a capsid.

Many animal viruses are enveloped, meaning they have an outer membrane derived from the host cell's plasma membrane. This membrane surrounds the capsid and helps the virus enter and leave a host cell.

Viruses must carry all the necessary machinery for their own replication, as they rely on the host cell for basic functions. This is crucial for viruses with RNA genomes, as host cells typically lack RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, use an enzyme called T4 lysozyme to create a small pore in the bacterial cell wall, allowing the phage's DNA to enter the host cell.

Bacteria come in three main shapes: rod-shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci), and spiral-shaped (spirochetes).

A sticky outer layer around some bacteria made of sugar molecules. It can be a capsule (thick and organized) or a slime layer (thin and loose).

A thin, flexible layer that acts as a barrier to control what goes in and out of the bacterial cell.

Steroid-like molecules found in bacterial membranes that help stabilize the membrane and maintain its fluidity, similar to cholesterol in eukaryotes.

A tubulin-like protein that forms a ring at the site of cell division in bacteria, helping to pinch off the dividing cells.

An actin-like protein in bacteria that helps to maintain the cell's length and shape. It's essential for cell elongation.

A filament-like protein that forms a crescent-shaped structure in certain bacteria, giving them their characteristic curved shape.

The region in a bacterial cell where the DNA is located. Unlike in eukaryotes, it's not enclosed by a membrane.

A highly resistant, dormant form of some bacteria that allows them to survive harsh environmental conditions.

Archaeal flagella are homologous to bacterial flagella but use ATP for energy, unlike bacterial flagella which use the proton motive force. They also rotate like bacterial flagella, not with a whip-like motion like eukaryotic flagella.

Certain archaeal thermophiles possess a reverse gyrase enzyme that introduces positive supercoils into their DNA, protecting it from denaturation at high temperatures.

Archaea and bacteria share similarities in gene regulation and metabolic mechanisms. Both lack a nucleus, have a single circular chromosome, and reproduce mainly through binary fission.

Archaea and eukaryotes share similarities in their DNA/RNA machinery. Both have DNA associated with histones, which help organize and protect their genetic material.

The core of a virus consists of a viral genome, which can be either DNA or RNA. This genome is encased within a protective protein shell called a capsid.