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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the ovaries?
What is the main function of the ovaries?
Which part of the female reproductive system connects the ovaries to the uterus?
Which part of the female reproductive system connects the ovaries to the uterus?
What structure is located at the distal extremity of the penis?
What structure is located at the distal extremity of the penis?
What is one of the main roles of the uterus?
What is one of the main roles of the uterus?
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The external genital organs of the female are collectively referred to as what?
The external genital organs of the female are collectively referred to as what?
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What structure produces male sex hormones in the testis?
What structure produces male sex hormones in the testis?
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What connects the rete testis to the upper end of the epididymis?
What connects the rete testis to the upper end of the epididymis?
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What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles?
What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles?
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Where are the bulbourethral glands located?
Where are the bulbourethral glands located?
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What structure emerges from the tail of the epididymis?
What structure emerges from the tail of the epididymis?
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What surrounds the prostatic urethra?
What surrounds the prostatic urethra?
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What is the approximate length of the vas deferens?
What is the approximate length of the vas deferens?
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The scrotum serves what primary function?
The scrotum serves what primary function?
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What is the function of the urinary bladder?
What is the function of the urinary bladder?
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How long are the male and female urethras respectively?
How long are the male and female urethras respectively?
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What is located at the hilum of each kidney?
What is located at the hilum of each kidney?
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What structure contains the major calyces in the kidney?
What structure contains the major calyces in the kidney?
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Which part of the male urethra is not one of its divisions?
Which part of the male urethra is not one of its divisions?
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What type of structure are the ureters classified as?
What type of structure are the ureters classified as?
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Which component is not found in the adult female urethra?
Which component is not found in the adult female urethra?
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What are the three constriction points of the ureter?
What are the three constriction points of the ureter?
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Study Notes
Genitourinary System Overview
- The genitourinary system encompasses both the urinary and reproductive systems.
Urinary System
- Components: Two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
- Male Urethra: A common pathway for urine and semen, the prostatic urethra receives ejaculatory ducts.
Kidneys
- Location: Situated behind the peritoneum in the posterior abdominal wall, on either side of the vertebral column.
- Color: Reddish-brown.
- Hilum: A notch on the medial concave border, which houses the renal vein, renal artery, ureter, and lymph vessels.
- Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands: Located on the upper pole of each kidney.
Renal Structure
- Cortex: Outer layer, with striations called medullary rays.
- Medulla: Inner layer composed of renal pyramids.
- Renal Pelvis (Renal Sinus): Upper expanded part of the ureter; divides into major and minor calyces.
Ureters
- Description: Muscular tubes extending from kidneys to the urinary bladder.
- Length: Approximately 25 cm.
- Constrictions: Three constrictions along the ureter's course: one where the renal pelvis joins the ureter; one where it crosses the pelvic brim; one where it pierces the bladder wall.
Urinary Bladder
- Description: Muscular sac that stores and excretes urine.
- Capacity: Approximately 500 ml.
- Ureters' opening: Ureters open into the urinary bladder.
- Urethra's opening: Urethra starts at the internal urethral orifice.
- Trigone: The internal surface of the bladder base is called the trigone.
- Trigone's angles: Superior angles of the trigone correspond to the ureters' openings. The inferior angle corresponds to the internal urethral orifice.
Male Urethra
- Length: 20 cm
- Parts: Prostatic, membranous, and penile parts
- Functionality: Common pathway for urine and semen.
- External urethral orifice: Located on the glans penis.
Female Urethra
- Length: 4 cm
- Functionality: Begins at urinary bladder and extends to external urethral orifice in the vestibule anterior to the vaginal opening.
Male Reproductive System
- Components: Testicles, ducts (epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands), and external genitalia (penis and scrotum).
Testes
- Structure: Oval-shaped, located in the scrotum.
- Lobules: Contains seminiferous tubules (1-4 per lobule).
- Rete Testis: Network of channels that the tubules open into.
- Efferent Ductules: Connect the rete testis to the epididymis.
- Interstitial Cells (Leydig Cells): Produce testosterone, positioned between seminiferous tubules.
Epididymis
- Structure: Coiled tube located posterior to the testes (approximately 6 meters).
- Vas Deferens: Tube extending from the epididymis tail, entering the spermatic cord.
- Maturation: Epididymis provides storage space and promotes sperm maturation.
Vas Deferens
- Structure: Thick-walled tube (~45 cm).
- Function: Carries mature sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct and urethra.
- Ampulla: Dilated terminal portion of vas deferens.
- Ejaculatory Duct: Formed by the union of vas deferens and seminal vesicle duct. Opens into the urethra.
Seminal Vesicles
- Structure: Two lobulated organs located on the posterior surface of the bladder.
- Function: Produce secretions added to seminal fluid.
- Ejaculatory Duct Formation: The vesicle ducts join the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct.
Prostate
- Structure: Fibromuscular glandular organ surrounding the prostatic urethra.
- Ejaculatory Duct Penetration: Ejaculatory ducts pierce the prostate.
Bulbourethral Glands
- Size: Small, pea-sized.
- Location: Situated near the base of the penis.
Scrotum
- Structure: Outpouching of the lower anterior abdominal wall.
- Contents: Contains testes, epididymides, and lower ends of spermatic cords.
Penis
- Structure: Fixed root and a free body (hanging).
- Glans Penis: Distal end of the penis.
- External Urethral Meatus: Orifice on the glans penis.
Female Reproductive System
- External Genitalia (Vulva): Labia majora, labia minora, vestibule of the vagina, clitoris.
- Internal Genitalia: Ovaries, uterine or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.
Ovaries
- Location: Upper pelvic cavity, on each side of the uterus.
- Functions: Produce ova (eggs), estrogen, and progesterone.
Uterine Tubes
- Structure: Extend from the uterus to the ovaries; connect to the peritoneal cavity.
- Function: Convey fertilized eggs toward the uterus via ciliary action and muscle contractions; fertilization happens in the tube.
Uterus
- Structure: Organ of gestation.
- Function: Fertilized egg implants and develops into a baby.
Vagina
- Structure: Muscular tube (~10 cm) extending from cervix to a vaginal orifice in the perineum.
- Location: Situated between the bladder anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the genitourinary system, focusing on the anatomy and functions of the urinary and reproductive systems. This quiz will cover key aspects such as the components of the urinary system, kidney structure, and the role of ureters. Perfect for students studying human biology or anatomy.
