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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the somatic nerves in the male sexual response?
What is the primary function of the somatic nerves in the male sexual response?
Which part of the penis is highly concentrated with sensory nerves?
Which part of the penis is highly concentrated with sensory nerves?
Which nervous system is involved in controlling ejaculation during the male sexual response?
Which nervous system is involved in controlling ejaculation during the male sexual response?
What is the term for the masses of erectile tissue in the shaft of the penis?
What is the term for the masses of erectile tissue in the shaft of the penis?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the neural control of male sexual function?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the neural control of male sexual function?
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What is the term for the process by which the penis becomes flaccid after sexual activity?
What is the term for the process by which the penis becomes flaccid after sexual activity?
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What is the primary function of the ductile system in the male reproductive anatomy?
What is the primary function of the ductile system in the male reproductive anatomy?
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Which of the following structures is derived from the peritoneum?
Which of the following structures is derived from the peritoneum?
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What is the main function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
What is the main function of the testes in the male reproductive system?
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What is the primary hormone produced by the testes?
What is the primary hormone produced by the testes?
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What is the enzyme responsible for forming dihydrotestosterone from testosterone?
What is the enzyme responsible for forming dihydrotestosterone from testosterone?
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Which of the following structures contains spermatogonia and Sertoli cells?
Which of the following structures contains spermatogonia and Sertoli cells?
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What is the function of the Leydig cells in the testes?
What is the function of the Leydig cells in the testes?
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What is the other major function of the testes besides steroidogenesis?
What is the other major function of the testes besides steroidogenesis?
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What is the primary function of prostaglandins secreted by the seminal vesicles?
What is the primary function of prostaglandins secreted by the seminal vesicles?
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What is the primary characteristic of erectile dysfunction?
What is the primary characteristic of erectile dysfunction?
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Which of the following is a cause of erectile dysfunction?
Which of the following is a cause of erectile dysfunction?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the milky alkaline fluid secreted by the prostate gland?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the milky alkaline fluid secreted by the prostate gland?
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What is the function of inhibin B?
What is the function of inhibin B?
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What is the goal of androgen replacement therapy in treating erectile dysfunction?
What is the goal of androgen replacement therapy in treating erectile dysfunction?
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What is the role of ABP in the process of spermatogenesis?
What is the role of ABP in the process of spermatogenesis?
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What is the role of LH in the regulation of spermatogenesis?
What is the role of LH in the regulation of spermatogenesis?
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What is the term for the twisting of the spermatic cord?
What is the term for the twisting of the spermatic cord?
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Which of the following glands produces mucus-like secretions?
Which of the following glands produces mucus-like secretions?
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What is the role of plasminogen activator in the process of spermatogenesis?
What is the role of plasminogen activator in the process of spermatogenesis?
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What is the cause of intravaginal torsion?
What is the cause of intravaginal torsion?
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What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the regulation of spermatogenesis?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the regulation of spermatogenesis?
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Which of the following is a type of drug used to treat erectile dysfunction?
Which of the following is a type of drug used to treat erectile dysfunction?
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What is the name of the type of testicular torsion that occurs in prenatals or neonates during testicular descent?
What is the name of the type of testicular torsion that occurs in prenatals or neonates during testicular descent?
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What is the term for the inflammation of the epididymis?
What is the term for the inflammation of the epididymis?
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At what age range does testicular torsion typically occur?
At what age range does testicular torsion typically occur?
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What is a common symptom of intravaginal torsion?
What is a common symptom of intravaginal torsion?
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What is a characteristic clinical manifestation of testicular torsion?
What is a characteristic clinical manifestation of testicular torsion?
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What is the effective time frame for surgical treatment of testicular torsion?
What is the effective time frame for surgical treatment of testicular torsion?
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What is a type of childhood disorder that can affect the testes?
What is a type of childhood disorder that can affect the testes?
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Where do the testes develop from during embryonic development?
Where do the testes develop from during embryonic development?
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What is a complication of untreated testicular torsion?
What is a complication of untreated testicular torsion?
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What is the purpose of prophylactic fixation of the unaffected testis in testicular torsion?
What is the purpose of prophylactic fixation of the unaffected testis in testicular torsion?
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Study Notes
Male Reproductive Anatomy
- Testes: produce androgens and sperm
- Ductile system: stores, matures, and transports sperm
- Accessory genital organs: produce seminal fluid
- Penis: eliminates urine and performs sexual functions
- Histology of testes:
- Tunica vaginalis: derived from the peritoneum
- Tunic albuginea: dense connective capsule that forms the septa around the lobules inside the testis
- Seminiferous tubules: contain spermatogonia and Sertoli cells
- Connective tissue stroma: contains Leydig cells
Testicular Function
- 2 main functions:
- Steroidogenesis
- Spermatogenesis
Androgens
- Testosterone: main testicular hormone
- Dihydrotestosterone: formed from testosterone in peripheral tissues, produced by the enzyme 5-alpha reductase
- Androstenedione: produced by the testes
- Estrogen: produced in small amounts
Accessory Genital Glands
- Paired seminal vesicles: secrete fructose, prostaglandins, proteins, and other substances
- Prostate gland: secretes milky alkaline fluid containing citric acid, calcium, acid phosphate, a clotting enzyme, and profibrinolysin
- Paired bulbourethral glands: produce mucus-like secretions
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis
- Hypothalamus: regulates GnRH secretion
- Pituitary: regulates LH and FSH secretion
- Testes: produce testosterone and sperm in response to LH and FSH
- Inhibin: produced by Sertoli cells, suppresses FSH secretion
- ABP: androgen-binding protein, acts in epididymis to promote maturation of spermatozoa
Erection and Sexual Function
- Erection: vasodilation fills spongy tissue with blood
- Neural innervation:
- Sensory nerves in penis: mostly concentrated in the glans
- Motor nerves: ANS (caverous nerves) controls erection, ejaculation, and detumescence, while somatic nerves (pudendal nerve) control sensation and contraction of muscles
- Shaft: 3 masses of erectile tissue that are cavernous sinuses, including 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum
- Male sex act involves interaction between spinal cord reflexes, higher neural centers, and the vascular system
Testicular Disorders
- Varicocele: dilation of the pampiniform plexus
- Hydrocele: fluid accumulation in the tunica vaginalis
- Testicular torsion: twisting of the spermatic cord, can be extra- or intravaginal
- Inflammations: epididymitis, orchitis
- Testicular torsion symptoms:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Tacchycardia
- Large tender testis
- Pain radiating to the inguinal area
- Thickening of the spermatic cord
- Scrotal swelling
- Clinical manifestations of testicular torsion:
- Testis high in the scrotum with abnormal orientation
- Scrotal swelling
- Absence of the Cremasteric reflex
- Treatment of testicular torsion: surgery (effective within 6 hours) involving detorsion or orchiectomy, with prophylactic fixation of the unaffected testis
Childhood Disorders
- Hypospadias
- Epispadias
- Phimosis
- Paraphimosis
- Cryptorchidism: failure of testicular descent
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Description
This quiz covers chapter 39 of Pathophysiology, focusing on disorders of the male genitourinary system. It is part of the BIO 218 course at the American University of Iraq - Baghdad. Topics include the male reproductive system and its disorders.
