Genetics Quiz: Inheritance Patterns and Dominance
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Questions and Answers

What represents a dominant allele?

  • Uppercase letter (correct)
  • Neither uppercase nor lowercase
  • Both uppercase and lowercase letters
  • Lowercase letter

    • A homozygote consists of two different alleles for a gene.

    False

    What is the inheritance pattern description for autosomal dominance?

    Expressed in both sexes, appears in multiple generations, unaffected individuals don't transmit, homozygous condition is more severe.

    A recessive allele is masked by a __________ allele.

    <p>dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its definition:

    <p>Homozygote = Two identical alleles for a gene Heterozygote = Two unidentical alleles for a gene Autosomal Dominance = One faulty gene from one parent causes the trait Autosomal Recessive = Two faulty genes from both parents are required to cause the trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a disease caused by autosomal dominance?

    <p>Huntington's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In autosomal recessive inheritance, both sexes are affected equally.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mnemonic for the inheritance pattern of autosomal recessive disorders?

    <p>Carrier Parents Random Transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of incomplete dominance?

    <p>Both alleles blend to create an intermediate phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Codominance allows for intermediate phenotypes to be expressed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define a wild-type allele.

    <p>The version of a gene most frequently found in nature, often dominant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In codominance, traits do not __________; both traits appear separately and fully.

    <p>blend</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of dominance to its mnemonic:

    <p>Complete Dominance = Complete Same (CS) Incomplete Dominance = Incomplete Mix (IM) Codominance = Codominance Stripes (CS) and TDP NM NB ABG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of codominance?

    <p>Two alleles produce different and detectable gene products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the offspring is the same as one of the parental traits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation 'TDP' stand for in the context of codominance?

    <p>Two Detectable Products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'penetrance' refer to?

    <p>The percentage of individuals with a specific genotype expressing the expected phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pleiotropy refers to a single gene having multiple phenotypic effects.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide an example of a condition that exhibits incomplete penetrance.

    <p>Polydactyly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degree to which a character is expressed is known as __________.

    <p>expressivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their definitions:

    <p>Penetrance = Percentage of individuals expressing expected phenotype Expressivity = Degree of trait expression Pleiotropy = Single gene with multiple effects Sex-Limited Inheritance = Phenotype expression limited to one sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is associated with an ASP gene mutation in mice?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incomplete penetrance means that all individuals with a specific genotype will show the phenotype.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the syndrome that affects eyes, aorta, and bones due to a genetic mutation.

    <p>Marfan syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of UvrC in the DNA repair process?

    <p>Makes incisions on both sides of the damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA Ligase is responsible for unwinding the damaged DNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two types of Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) pathways.

    <p>Global Genome NER (GG-NER) and Transcription-Coupled NER (TC-NER)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The protein responsible for recognizing damage in Global Genome NER is called _______.

    <p>XPC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following proteins with their function in Nucleotide Excision Repair:

    <p>XPF = Makes cuts on both sides of the damage DDB2 = Helps recognize UV-induced lesions CSB = Recruits repair machinery during transcription TFIIH = Unwinds DNA around the damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step involves the removal of a segment of nucleotides in the repair process?

    <p>Excision of damaged strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA polymerase is involved in damage recognition during the Transcription-Coupled NER process.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA Polymerase I in the DNA repair process?

    <p>To fill in the gap with new nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic condition is characterized by having blood type O despite the presence of A or B alleles?

    <p>Bombay Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All individuals with the Bombay Phenotype have no alleles for either A or B blood types.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define multiple alleles.

    <p>When more than two forms of a gene exist within a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mutation in the FUT1 gene leads to the inability to add ___ to H substance.

    <p>fucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from a homozygous state of lethal alleles?

    <p>Non-Survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals can inherit only one allele from each parent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    State one characteristic of multiple alleles.

    <p>Genes can mutate in different spots, creating different alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the SRY gene?

    <p>To trigger male sex determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Females have a hemizygous condition for the X chromosome.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the chromosomes present in a typical male karyotype?

    <p>46,XY</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human karyotype consists of ___ pairs of chromosomes.

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

    <p>Klinefelter Syndrome = XXY genotype leading to male phenotype with unusual traits Turner Syndrome = X0 genotype leading to female phenotype with stunted growth X-linked Conditions = Conditions more common in males due to hemizygosity SRY Gene = Gene that triggers male sex determination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the hemizygous condition in males?

    <p>Having only one copy of the X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of two X chromosomes results in maleness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic configuration leads to the expression of traits in females that may not be expressed in males?

    <p>XX configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetics 1 BLURT!

    • Genetics is important in many fields, including medicine, agriculture, the pharmaceutical industry, law, biology, ecology, ethics, and history.
    • Model organisms, like fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), bacteria (E. coli), yeast, nematodes, plants, zebrafish, mice, are important for studying genetics.
    • New technologies in genetics include Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH), Microarray, Knockout Mouse models, and Fluorescence.
    • CRISPR Cas9 is a gene-editing tool.

    Genetics 2 BLURT!

    • DNA is the hereditary material of all life forms except some viruses (derived from RNA).
    • DNA -> RNA -> Protein is the basic information flow of DNA.
    • Genetic variability is formed by mutations, the basis of evolution.
    • Meiosis is the nuclear division where a diploid cell divides twice to form haploid daughter cells.
    • Key processes of meiosis include independent assortment and crossing over.
    • Dominant traits mask the effect of other alleles when together in a heterozygote.
    • Recessive alleles are masked by dominant alleles.
    • Homozygotes have two identical alleles of a gene, while Heterozygotes have two unidentical alleles of a gene.
    • Autosomal dominance means that one faulty gene from one parent is sufficient to cause the trait.
    • Autosomal recessive inheritance means that two faulty genes from both parents are necessary to cause the trait.
    • X-linked recessive means that a genetic condition is linked to a gene on the X chromosome, with males more frequently affected.
    • X-linked dominant means that if a single copy of the faulty gene is present on the X chromosome, the disorder may occur in both males and females.
    • Y-linked inheritance refers to a genetic condition where the mutated gene is on the Y chromosome, affecting only males.

    Genetics 3 BLURT!

    • Small-scale mutations affect one or a few nucleotides of a gene.
    • Base substitutions are when a nucleotide is replaced with another.
    • Frameshift mutations occur when the addition or removal of a nucleotide alters every codon after the mutation.
    • Large-scale mutations affect large sections of DNA.
    • Deletions occur when a section of a chromosome is missing.
    • Duplications occur when a section of a chromosome is repeated.
    • Inversions occur when a section of DNA is flipped.
    • Insertions occur when a large piece of one chromosome is inserted into another chromosome.
    • Translocations occur when sections of different chromosomes are swapped.
    • Base substitutions can be silent (no change in protein), missense (changes one amino acid), or nonsense (changes to a stop codon).

    Genetics 4 BLURT!

    • Quantitative inheritance refers to continuous variation in traits such as height or intelligence rather than discrete categories.
    • Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes.
    • Multifactorial (complex) traits are caused by genes and environmental factors.
    • Quantitative traits are typically estimated and measured using statistical analysis.
    • Continuous variation describes traits that take on a range of values, as opposed to distinct categories.
    • Multiple loci contribute to the variation and expression of polygenic traits
    • Polygenes are non-epistatic genes that work together to influence a phenotypic trait.
    • The formula for estimating the number of polygenes in a trait is (2n+1), where 'n' is the number of segregating genes.
    • Heritability is the proportion of total phenotypic variation that is due to genetic factors, expressed as H² = VG/VP.
    • Broad-sense heritability (H²) considers all genetic factors and Narrow-sense heritability (h²) which is the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by additive genetic variation.
    • Genetic analyses such as the study of twins allows estimation of heritability.
    • GWAS (Genome-wide association studies) are used in gene mapping to identify genes responsible for the phenotype of a polygenic disorder.

    Genetics 5 BLURT!

    • A rare genetic disorder, when a person has blood type O despite having alleles for A or B blood types, is known as the Bombay phenotype.
    • Multiple alleles refers to situations in which a single gene has more than two forms, or alleles, existing within a population. Individuals inherit two alleles for each gene, one from each parent.

    Genetics 6 BLURT!

    • Early 20th-century scientists identified inherited disorders of metabolism, and these diseases are now known as Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEMs).
    • IEMs frequently involve a single gene and enzyme fault.
    • IEMs result in the accumulation of an abnormal metabolite or the deficiency of an essential metabolite.
    • These diseases typically have a wide and pronounced effect on a patient's health and physical development.
    • IEMs usually encompass several different variations based on the particular enzyme that is malformed or missing.

    Genetics 7 BLURT!

    • Amniocentesis is a prenatal test that analyzes amniotic fluid for genetic disorders and fetal health, usually performed between gestational weeks 15 and 20.
    • Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) is a prenatal test that analyzes placental tissue for genetic disorders, typically performed in weeks 10-13 of pregnancy.
    • Cell-Free Foetal DNA involves analyzing fetal DNA in the mother's blood to detect abnormalities such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).
    • Cytogenetic analysis is a laboratory technique used to study chromosomes to identify genetic diseases and chromosomal abnormalities.

    Genetics 8 BLURT!

    • Population genetics studies genetic variation within populations and the forces that change allele frequencies over time.
    • Key forces are mutation, selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
    • Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium helps predict allele and genotype frequencies in a stable, non-evolving population.

    Genetics 9 BLURT!

    • Developmental biology is the study of how a single-celled zygote develops into a multicellular organism.
    • Key questions in developmental biology include: How does a single cell (fertilized egg) give rise to a multicellular organism?, Multiplicity of cell types?, Which genes are expressed when and where?, How do cells proliferate and differentiate?, How is a cell's developmental fate determined?, How are body plans laid down, and How do major changes in body shape drive evolution?
    • Genes control development by controlling where and when proteins are synthesized, directly controlling phenotypes, acting as enzymes, containing instructions describing the final form during development.
    • Important techniques for studying developmental processes in model organisms include; studying differential gene expression using methods to detect mRNA and proteins and transgenic (genetically modified) organisms.
    • Fate maps are used to understand the embryonic origin of various tissues, establishing cell lineage and correspondence between cells in early development.

    Genetics 10 BLURT!

    • Linkage refers to the tendency of genes located on the same chromosome to be inherited together.
    • Crossovers are the exchanges of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
    • Double crossover events are more rare than single crossover events and can be used to deduce gene order and measure distances between genes.
    • Three-point test crosses provide more accurate estimations of gene order and genetic distances compared to other methods, particularly when genes are located far apart on the same chromosome
    • DNA markers like RFLPs and SNPs are used to identify genes and locate their positions on the chromosome.
    • Positional cloning is a technique that is used to study complex traits to identify and map causal genes by using DNA markers and databases to find their position.

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    Genetics 1 BLURT! PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on genetics with this quiz focused on inheritance patterns, dominant and recessive alleles, and the various types of dominance. Explore terms like codominance and incomplete dominance, alongside examples of diseases caused by autosomal inheritance. Perfect for students of genetics or anyone interested in the foundations of heredity.

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