Genetics Problems: Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Inheritance

If Mendel crossed two pea plants heterozygous for both seed color (yellow dominant, green recessive) and seed shape (round dominant, wrinkled recessive), what proportion of the offspring would be expected to exhibit the recessive phenotypes for both traits?

In a scenario where a plant species exhibits incomplete dominance for flower color, with $R R$ resulting in red flowers, $R r$ in pink flowers, and $r r$ in white flowers, what phenotypic ratio is expected in the $F_1$ generation from a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant?

Assuming independent assortment, what is the probability of obtaining the genotype $A a B B c c$ from a cross of $A a B b C c \times A a B b C c$?

In a dihybrid cross where two genes are linked, deviating from Mendelian inheritance, which of the following observations would suggest that recombination has occurred?

A plant species has three alleles for a particular gene: $A_1$, $A_2$, and $A_3$. If $A_1$ is dominant to both $A_2$ and $A_3$, $A_2$ is dominant to $A_3$, and $A_3$ is recessive to both $A_1$ and $A_2$, how many distinct phenotypes are possible in a population of this plant?

What key genetic principle, elucidated by Gregor Mendel, explains why recessive traits can seemingly 'disappear' in one generation, only to reappear in subsequent generations?

What circumstance was most influential in enabling Mendel to dedicate himself to his scientific pursuits?

Why was Mendel's choice to study 'either/or' traits in pea plants a critical factor in his success?

What limited the initial impact of Mendel's publication, 'Experiments in Plant Hybridization'?

What might have occurred if Mendel focused solely on continuous traits (e.g., variations in leaf size) rather than 'either/or' traits?

After Mendel cross-pollinated green-seeded and yellow-seeded peas, all the seeds in the next generation were yellow. What conclusion can be drawn from this result?

Given that Mendel's paper was published in 1866, why did it take until the early 20th century for the scientific community to appreciate its significance?

If Mendel had used a plant species with a longer reproductive cycle (e.g., oak trees), how would this have affected his research?

Mendel transitioned from teaching to administration at St. Thomas's Abbey, becoming Abbot in 1868. How might this transition have influenced his scientific work?

If a plant inherits one dominant allele for tallness (T) and one recessive allele for dwarfism (t), what phenotype will the plant express, and what proportion of its offspring would be expected to exhibit the recessive trait if it self-pollinates?

If a plant breeder crosses two heterozygous pea plants (Rr), where 'R' represents the dominant allele for round seeds and 'r' represents the recessive allele for wrinkled seeds, what is the probability of obtaining offspring with wrinkled seeds?

Mendel's 'law of either/or,' describing trait inheritance, most directly challenges which pre-Mendelian belief about heredity?

In what way did Hugo de Vries contribute to the understanding of genetics, beyond independently reaching similar conclusions to Mendel?

If Mendel crossed a true-breeding plant with round seeds (RR) with a true-breeding plant with wrinkled seeds (rr), and then allowed the F1 generation to self-pollinate, what would be the expected ratio of phenotypes in the F2 generation?

How does the concept of dominant and recessive genes explain the reappearance of a trait (e.g., red hair) in a grandchild when it was not present in the parents?

A plant breeder observes that in a particular cross, the offspring display a novel phenotype that is intermediate between the two parental phenotypes. What genetic mechanism is most likely responsible for this observation?

If a researcher is studying a trait that is determined by multiple genes, where each gene has a small additive effect on the phenotype, what type of inheritance pattern are they observing?

In pea plants, the allele for yellow seeds (Y) is dominant over the allele for green seeds (y). If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous recessive plant, what is the probability of obtaining offspring with green seeds?

Considering Mendel's experiments, if a new mutation arises in a single pea plant, what is the most likely outcome for this mutation in subsequent generations?

Gregor Mendel

Genes

"Either/Or" Traits

Plant Breeding

Heredity

First Generation Result

Second Generation Result

"Experiments in Plant Hybridization"

Recessive Trait

Progeny

Cross-breeding

Pea Color Trait

Dominant Gene

Recessive Gene

Law of Either/Or (Traits)

Gene Inheritance

Hugo de Vries

First Generation 'Gene'

Yellow/Green Seed Inheritance

Spontaneous Mutation

Pea-breeding Experiments

Dominant Trait Appearance