Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors contributes to changes in allele frequencies?
Which of the following factors contributes to changes in allele frequencies?
- Mutation
- Natural selection
- Genetic drift
- All of the above (correct)
Tongue rolling has a clear anatomical advantage for individuals who can do it.
Tongue rolling has a clear anatomical advantage for individuals who can do it.
False (B)
What is the genotype of an individual who is able to roll their tongue?
What is the genotype of an individual who is able to roll their tongue?
Dominant
___________ is the study of distribution and change in frequency of alleles within a population.
___________ is the study of distribution and change in frequency of alleles within a population.
Match the following traits with their description:
Match the following traits with their description:
What does the presence of hair on the middle joint of a finger indicate?
What does the presence of hair on the middle joint of a finger indicate?
Natural selection is one of the conditions necessary for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
Natural selection is one of the conditions necessary for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
Name one of the five conditions that must be met for a population to be considered in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
Name one of the five conditions that must be met for a population to be considered in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
The ___ phenotype is represented by the genotype hh.
The ___ phenotype is represented by the genotype hh.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What is the genetic trait associated with a hairline that forms a downward (V) shape at the center of the forehead?
What is the genetic trait associated with a hairline that forms a downward (V) shape at the center of the forehead?
The left thumb on top when clasping hands is a dominant trait.
The left thumb on top when clasping hands is a dominant trait.
What type of earlobe is considered dominant?
What type of earlobe is considered dominant?
If your earlobe hangs free, it is considered __________.
If your earlobe hangs free, it is considered __________.
Match the following traits with their descriptions:
Match the following traits with their descriptions:
What is the function of the Beta-lactamase gene in the pGLO plasmid?
What is the function of the Beta-lactamase gene in the pGLO plasmid?
The AraC protein acts as a switch that turns the GFP gene ON and OFF depending on the presence of arabinose.
The AraC protein acts as a switch that turns the GFP gene ON and OFF depending on the presence of arabinose.
What is the formula for calculating transformation efficiency?
What is the formula for calculating transformation efficiency?
What is the primary purpose of analyzing the results in this genetics lab?
What is the primary purpose of analyzing the results in this genetics lab?
Transformed bacteria can be used to generate __________ libraries.
Transformed bacteria can be used to generate __________ libraries.
The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to predict genetic variation in a population.
The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to predict genetic variation in a population.
What should students prepare to score the numbers of students according to their traits?
What should students prepare to score the numbers of students according to their traits?
Match the applications of transformation with their descriptions:
Match the applications of transformation with their descriptions:
In the experiment, the total number of students is expected to represent the contribution of different _____ groups in the country.
In the experiment, the total number of students is expected to represent the contribution of different _____ groups in the country.
Match the following steps with their descriptions:
Match the following steps with their descriptions:
What is the purpose of shining UV light on the UV plate?
What is the purpose of shining UV light on the UV plate?
Students should add tobacco extract to the water plate.
Students should add tobacco extract to the water plate.
What should be done to the plates after adding bacteria?
What should be done to the plates after adding bacteria?
Students filter the extract through __________ into a bottle.
Students filter the extract through __________ into a bottle.
Match the step in the lab with its action:
Match the step in the lab with its action:
What law states that alleles for separate traits are passed independently of one another?
What law states that alleles for separate traits are passed independently of one another?
All kernels from the F1 generation are purple and round.
All kernels from the F1 generation are purple and round.
In the F2 generation, what was the ratio of yellow to green kernels?
In the F2 generation, what was the ratio of yellow to green kernels?
Kernels that have a wrinkled shape are categorized as __________.
Kernels that have a wrinkled shape are categorized as __________.
Match the following traits of corn kernels with their characteristics:
Match the following traits of corn kernels with their characteristics:
Which trait is dominant in corn kernels?
Which trait is dominant in corn kernels?
The round shape of kernels is associated with high concentrations of starch.
The round shape of kernels is associated with high concentrations of starch.
What enzyme is defective in yellow kernels?
What enzyme is defective in yellow kernels?
What is the first organism in which transformation was reported?
What is the first organism in which transformation was reported?
All bacteria are capable of taking up foreign DNA from the environment.
All bacteria are capable of taking up foreign DNA from the environment.
What two key components are involved in the heat shock transformation method?
What two key components are involved in the heat shock transformation method?
The gene for GFP can be turned on in transformed cells by adding __________ to the cell's nutrient medium.
The gene for GFP can be turned on in transformed cells by adding __________ to the cell's nutrient medium.
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
What color do transformed cells appear when grown on plates not containing arabinose?
What color do transformed cells appear when grown on plates not containing arabinose?
The GFP gene comes from a non-biological source.
The GFP gene comes from a non-biological source.
What is the main purpose of the transformation procedure in this lab?
What is the main purpose of the transformation procedure in this lab?
What is one major effect of chemicals in tobacco on DNA?
What is one major effect of chemicals in tobacco on DNA?
Tobacco smoke contains fewer than 4,000 different chemicals.
Tobacco smoke contains fewer than 4,000 different chemicals.
What visible change occurs in Serratia marcescens when exposed to UV light?
What visible change occurs in Serratia marcescens when exposed to UV light?
Cigarette smoke can lead to serious diseases including ______ and ______.
Cigarette smoke can lead to serious diseases including ______ and ______.
Match the following effects with their corresponding causes:
Match the following effects with their corresponding causes:
What is the primary purpose of the Ames Test?
What is the primary purpose of the Ames Test?
The Ames Test was developed at Harvard University.
The Ames Test was developed at Harvard University.
What type of bacteria is primarily used in the Ames Test?
What type of bacteria is primarily used in the Ames Test?
The Ames Test uses a strain of Salmonella typhimurium that cannot synthesize the essential amino acid __________.
The Ames Test uses a strain of Salmonella typhimurium that cannot synthesize the essential amino acid __________.
If a test substance causes mutations in the bacteria, what is likely to happen?
If a test substance causes mutations in the bacteria, what is likely to happen?
Match the materials used in the Ames Test with their descriptions:
Match the materials used in the Ames Test with their descriptions:
The number of bacterial colonies that grow indicates how non-mutagenic the test substance is.
The number of bacterial colonies that grow indicates how non-mutagenic the test substance is.
At what temperature is the Ames Test typically incubated?
At what temperature is the Ames Test typically incubated?
Study Notes
Dihybrid Cross in Corn and Mendel's Laws
- Investigation of Mendel's law of independent assortment with traits of corn kernels: color (yellow/green) and shape (round/wrinkled).
- Yellow is dominant over green, and round is dominant over wrinkled.
- F1 generation from yellow round seeds crossed with green wrinkled seeds produced all yellow and round seeds.
- F2 generation ratios: 9/16 yellow round, 3/16 yellow wrinkled, 3/16 green round, 1/16 green wrinkled.
- Color trait ratio in F2: 3/4 yellow and 1/4 green; shape trait ratio: 3/4 round and 1/4 wrinkled, reflecting independent inheritance.
- Corn kernels with high starch content are round; those with high sugar content are wrinkled due to water loss.
Population Genetics
- Studies allele distribution and changes within populations over time.
- General objectives: assess allele frequency changes, influence of mutation, migration, selection, genetic drift.
- Human population traits analyzed, including tongue rolling, hairline shape, hand clasping, earlobe attachment, and mid-digital hair.
- Traits are impacted by dominant and recessive alleles; e.g., tongue rolling is a dominant trait.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- Used to assess allele frequencies over time; requires five conditions: no mutation, no migration, random mating, no genetic drift, and no natural selection.
- Key in determining population genetic structure and evolution.
Bacterial Transformation
- Bacterial cells can uptake foreign DNA, creating competent cells, primarily using the heat shock method.
- Transformation process includes calcium-rich environments and sudden temperature shifts to introduce plasmid DNA.
- Plasmid pGLO contains the gene for GFP and a resistance gene for ampicillin.
- Selection for transformed cells occurs by growth on antibiotic plates, revealing fluorescence in the presence of arabinose.
Tobacco-Induced Mutations
- Cigarette smoke contains numerous chemicals, which can generate free radicals and DNA damage, leading to mutations.
- Experiment with Serratia marcescens to investigate the mutagenic effects of tobacco extracts within two days.
- Procedure involves creating tobacco extracts, applying them to agar plates, and exposing the plates to UV light for mutation.
Ames Test
- A method developed by Dr. Bruce Ames to determine the mutagenic potential of substances using Salmonella typhimurium.
- Test uses bacteria that cannot synthesize histidine; growth on histidine-deficient media indicates mutagenicity.
- Connection between test substance and DNA alteration, resulting in colony growth, used to assess health risks of chemicals.
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Description
This lab explores Mendel's law of independent assortment through a dihybrid cross involving corn traits, specifically color and shape. Students will apply statistical analysis to the results, drawing conclusions about inheritance patterns. Engage with the principles of genetics and learn how traits are passed on from generation to generation.
