Genetic Engineering and Plant Breeding

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What is the primary goal of classical plant breeding?

To create a new genetic background

To manipulate genomes indirectly

To introduce traits from one variety into another (correct)

To introduce traits from one species into another

What is genetic engineering, in terms of an organism's genome?

The introduction of traits from one variety into another

The indirect manipulation of one or more genes

The manipulation of genomes through selective breeding

The direct manipulation of one or more genes (correct)

What is the result of introducing a gene from another species into an organism's genome?

The organism's reproduction is affected

A new species is created

The organism's genome is altered (correct)

The organism's phenotype is unchanged

What is the difference between genetic engineering and classical plant breeding?

The direct manipulation of genes vs. the indirect manipulation of genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used in genetic engineering to alter an organism's genome?

Recombinant DNA technology Signup and view all the answers

What is the term that initially referred to various techniques used for the modification or manipulation of organisms through the processes of heredity and reproduction?

Genetic engineering Signup and view all the answers

What is represented by the frequency p2 in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

Homozygous genotype AA Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition required for the Hardy-Weinberg equation to be valid?

The population is in genetic equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of natural selection on a population?

The population evolves over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the frequency of alleles A and a?

p + q = 1 Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the allele frequencies when natural selection, genetic drift, or gene flow occurs?

The allele frequencies change over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

To calculate the frequency of genotypes in a population Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the theory of evolution by natural selection?

That species can change over time through the accumulation of micro-evolutionary changes Signup and view all the answers

What was the key insight that Charles Darwin gained from Thomas Malthus' work?

The concept of the 'struggle for existence' Signup and view all the answers

What is the term coined by Charles Darwin to describe an organism's relative ability to survive and produce fertile offspring?

Fitness Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Charles Lyell's work for Darwin's theory of evolution?

It showed that the Earth and its life are very old Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism driving the process of evolution by natural selection?

The struggle for existence and the survival of individuals with favorable variations Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between artificial and natural selection?

Artificial selection is done by humans, while natural selection occurs in nature Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of producing chymosin in bacteria?

To substitute rennet in the coagulation of milk Signup and view all the answers

What is the main application of PCR amplification in genetic engineering?

To detect specific genes in target organisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of producing plants with delayed ripening fruits?

They can be exported to further locations Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thermostable DNA polymerase in PCR amplification?

It builds single-stranded DNA strands Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for inserting a gene for chymosin production in bacteria?

To provide an abundant supply of chymosin for cheese production Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of detecting specific genes in target organisms?

To determine if a given gene/trait is available in a particular organism Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a phylogenetic tree?

To illustrate the evolutionary history of organisms Signup and view all the answers

What does the single lineage at the base of a rooted phylogenetic tree represent?

A single ancestral lineage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the point where a split occurs in a phylogenetic tree?

Branch point Signup and view all the answers

What do unrooted phylogenetic trees show?

Evolutionary relationships among species but no common ancestor Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched?

Basal taxon Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for two lineages that stem from the same branch point?

Sister taxa Signup and view all the answers