General Sensation and Cardiovascular Dynamics Lab

Achieved through specialized receptors that detect specific stimuli (light, sound, touch, etc.) and convert them into electrical signals sent to the brain via neural pathways
Brain processes these signals and perceives them as different senses

Receptors convert diverse physical stimuli into electrical signals through transduction
Involves sensory transduction by a nerve cell and an epithelial cell

Pain that occurs in internal organs but is sensed on the body surface (e.g., brain freeze)

CO formula (cardiac output): measures the amount of blood pumped into each ventricle (ml/min)
SV formula (stroke volume): measures the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each cardiac cycle (ml/beat)
Poiseuille's Law: describes the volume rate of flow in terms of fluid viscosity, $Q=(P2-P1)\pi r^4 / 8 \eta l $

Body controls pain through a complex process involving the nervous system
Pain signals are detected by nociceptors and sent to the brain via the spinal cord
Brain processes these signals and can modulate pain perception using neurotransmitters and endorphins

Plasma makes up approximately 55% of blood, consisting of 92% water, 7% proteins, and 1% nutrients, hormones, gases, and waste products
Proteins in blood plasma include albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen, with albumin being the most important

Eosinophils play a role in parasitic infections and allergic reactions
Basophils are involved in inflammatory responses, especially in allergic reactions
Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) are responsible for specific immune responses
Monocytes mature into macrophages, which engulf foreign particles and debris
Neutrophils are the most abundant WBC, engulfing and destroying foreign particles and bacteria
Mast cells play a key role in allergic reactions and inflammatory responses

Mechanism of red blood cell formation: hematopoiesis in bone marrow, triggered by erythropoietin
Red blood cells (RBCs) contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen, and have an average lifespan of 120 days

Cytokines are signaling molecules that stimulate immune responses
Leukemia is a cancer of white blood cells
Erythropoietin stimulates RBC production, primarily released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels
Thrombopoietin stimulates platelet production, primarily produced by the liver
Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation

Platelet plug formation occurs through platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation
Platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting and hemostasis

Primary function of the respiratory system: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and the body
Ventilation refers to the movement of air in and out of the lungs
Actual site of gas exchange: alveoli within the lungs
Sequence of air route in the respiratory tree: mouth/nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
Type I alveolar cells are involved in gas exchange, while Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant
Surfactant reduces surface tension, allowing for easier expansion of the lungs

Diaphragm and external and internal intercostal muscles contract, causing air to move into the lungs
Inspiration occurs when the diaphragm descends, increasing lung volume, and expiration occurs when the diaphragm ascends, decreasing lung volume
Typical intrapleural pressure: -5 mmHg
Tidal volume: 500 mL, vital capacity: 4600 mL, inspiratory reserve volume: 3000 mL, expiratory reserve volume: 1200 mL, residual volume: 1200 mL

Blood flow rate and blood pressure in the lungs are lower compared to other tissues
Causes of fibrotic lung: chronic inflammation and scarring, emphysema: damage to alveoli, leading to difficulty breathing