chap 2 anatomy

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Questions and Answers

What are the three states of matter?

Solid, Liquid, Plasma

Liquid, Vapor, Gas

Solid, Vapor, Gas

Solid, Liquid, Gas (correct)

Which of the following elements constitutes the largest percentage of body weight?

Hydrogen

Carbon

Oxygen (correct)

Nitrogen

What is the charge of neutrons in an atom?

Double positive

Neutral (correct)

Negative

Positive

Which statement best describes an element?

Matter composed of atoms with the same number of positive charges. Signup and view all the answers

Cations are formed when an atom:

Loses electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protons?

Carry a negative electrical charge Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen bonds are best described as:

Weak attractions between molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about trace elements is correct?

They are present in tiny amounts. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an isotope of an element?

Different atomic mass but same atomic number Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons the second electron shell can hold?

8 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemical bond results from the sharing of electrons?

Covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a cation?

It carries a positive charge Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding hydrogen bonds?

They are intermolecular attractions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of an atom becoming an ion?

It carries an electrical charge Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond occurs due to a transfer of electrons between atoms?

Ionic bond Signup and view all the answers

Considering the different electron shells, what is the capacity of the third shell?

18 electrons Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?

They act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH level of a neutral solution?

7 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an acid?

An electrolyte that dissociates into H+ ions and an anion. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by a pH less than 7.35?

Acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT a part of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP in biological systems?

To transfer energy within cells. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy after food is broken down in the body?

It is released and converted to ATP. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about strong acids and bases is true?

Strong acids fully dissociate into H+ ions in solution. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a molecule from a compound?

A molecule can consist of atoms of one element, while a compound is formed from different elements. Signup and view all the answers

How is water described in its role as a universal solvent?

Water has the ability to dissolve a wide range of substances including gases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about electrolytes is accurate?

Electrolytes can ionize into cations or anions in water. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in chemical reactions?

ATP is used to store energy for cellular processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines pH?

pH is a scale that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Signup and view all the answers

What are colloidal suspensions characterized by?

Colloidal suspensions have particles that do not settle and remain dispersed in a medium. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the significance of carbon dioxide (CO2) in biological systems?

CO2 is produced during respiration and must be eliminated to maintain homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What essential role does water play as a temperature regulator?

Water absorbs and releases heat slowly, moderating temperature changes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Chemical Principles, Part I

Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight
Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas
Matter can undergo physical or chemical changes
Elements are composed of atoms. Atoms of the same element have the same number of positive charges in their nuclei
Trace elements are present in tiny amounts but are essential for life
Four elements make up about 96% of human body weight: Oxygen (65.0%), Carbon (18.5%), Hydrogen (9.5%), and Nitrogen (3.2%)

Atoms

Atoms are the smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical characteristics
Atoms are composed of three subatomic particles: protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negative charge)
Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom
Electrons orbit the nucleus in electron shells
The first electron shell can hold 2 electrons, and the second and third shells hold 8 electrons each
Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
Atomic mass is the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus
Isotopes are different forms of the same atom with the same atomic number but a different atomic mass due to varying numbers of neutrons

Chemical Bonds

A chemical bond is an electrical attraction between atoms
Three types of chemical bonds are covalent, hydrogen, and ionic
Ionic bonds form due to the transfer of electrons between atoms, creating ions (charged atoms or groups of atoms)
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons
Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular attractions, not caused by transfer of electrons or sharing of electrons, but rather by positive or negative charges

Ions

Ions are atoms or groups of atoms carrying an electrical charge
Cations are positively charged ions
Anions are negatively charged ions
Electrolytes form ions when dissolved in water; they are important for fluid balance, nerve and muscle function and other biological processes.

Common Ions (cations)

Sodium (Na⁺): Fluid balance, nerve and muscle function
Calcium (Ca²⁺): Component of bones and teeth, blood clotting, muscle contraction
Iron (Fe²⁺): Component of hemoglobin (oxygen transport)
Hydrogen (H⁺): Important in acid-base balance
Potassium (K⁺): Nerve and muscle function, chief intracellular cation
Ammonium (NH₄⁺): Important in acid-base regulation

Common Ions (anions)

Chloride (Cl⁻): Chief extracellular anion
Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻): Important in acid-base regulation
Phosphate (PO₄³⁻): Component of bones and teeth, component of ATP (energy)

Electrolytes and Ionization

Electrolytes dissociate or ionize when they break apart in solution, forming ions
This process is crucial for various biological functions, including nerve and muscle impulse transmission, nutrient uptake, and fluid balance.

Molecules and Compounds

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms bond together
A compound is formed when two or more different atoms bond together to form a molecule

Water

Water is a universal solvent, important temperature regulator, ideal lubricant, crucial part of most chemical reactions and a protective mechanism
It is vital for life and crucial in various biological processes.

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen (O₂) is a molecule composed of two oxygen atoms, essential for cellular respiration
Oxygen is critical for human health and is present in the air we breathe at a concentration of 21%
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a waste product that is generated during metabolism, and it is eliminated from the body

Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions involve the interaction of atoms or molecules to form new chemical combinations
Catalysts such as enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions

Acids and Bases

Acids are electrolytes that dissociate into H⁺ (hydrogen ions) and an anion
Bases are substances, often containing OH⁻ (hydroxyl ions), that combine with H⁺ to reduce acidity

The pH Scale

pH is a unit of measurement that indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, values less than 7 being acidic, and above 7 being basic.

Energy Transfer

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy transfer molecule in cells
ATP consists of a base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups.

Mixtures

Mixtures are combinations of two or more substances that can be separated by ordinary physical means
Examples include solutions, suspensions, and colloids

Solutions

Solutions have two parts: a solute and a solvent
A solute is the substance present in a smaller amount and is dissolved
Solvent is the substance present in a larger amount and does the dissolving.

Suspensions and Precipitates

Suspensions are mixtures with relatively large particles that settle out over time
Colloidal suspensions have particles that remain suspended indefinitely
Precipitates are solids that form and fall out of a solution during a chemical reaction

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Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of matter and atoms, exploring their states, changes, and atomic structure. Key topics include the composition of elements, the significance of trace elements, and the structure of atoms including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Test your understanding of these foundational principles in chemistry.