Chapter 2 Anatomy PDF

TEACH Lesson Plan Manual for Herlihy’s The Human Body in Health and Illness 6th edition Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Lesson 2.1 General Chemical Principles, Part I: Matter, Elem...

TEACH Lesson Plan Manual for Herlihy’s The Human Body in Health and Illness 6th edition Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Lesson 2.1 General Chemical Principles, Part I: Matter, Elements, Atoms, Bonds, and Ions 1. Define the terms matter, element, and atom, and do the following: List the four elements that comprise 96% of body weight. Describe the three components of an atom. Describe the role of electrons in the formation of chemical bonds. 2. Differentiate among ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. 3. Explain ions, including the differences among electrolytes, cations, and anions. 2 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Matter  Matter: Anything that occupies space and has weight  Matter exists in three states:  Solid  Liquid  Gas 3 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Matter: Two Types of Changes 4 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Elements  Element: Matter composed of atoms that have the same number of positive charges in their nuclei  Trace elements: Present in tiny amounts; essential for life 5 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Elements, cont’d  Four elements make up about 96% of human body weight  Oxygen: 65.0%  Carbon: 18.5%  Hydrogen: 9.5%  Nitrogen: 3.2% 6 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Atoms  Atom: Smallest unit of an element with that element’s chemical characteristics  Three subatomic particles  Protons – carry a positive electrical charge  Neutrons – carry no electrical charge  Electrons – carry a negative electrical charge 7 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Atoms, cont’d 8 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Atoms, cont’d 9 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Atoms, cont’d 10 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Atoms, cont’d  Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus  Atomic mass: Sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom  Isotope: A different form of the same atom; same atomic number, different atomic mass 11 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Electron Shells  Electrons surround nucleus in orbits called electron shells  Each shell can hold electrons:  First shell: 2 electrons  Second and third shells: 8 electrons each  Number of electrons in outermost shell is critical 12 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Chemical Bonds  Chemical bond: The electrical attraction between atoms  Three types of chemical bonds  Covalent  Hydrogen  Ionic 13 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Chemical Bonds, cont’d  Ionic bond: Caused by a transfer of electrons between atoms 14 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Chemical Bonds, cont’d  Covalent bond: Involves a sharing of electrons by the outer shells of the atoms 15 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Chemical Bonds, cont’d  Hydrogen bond: An intermolecular attraction, not caused by transfer of electrons or sharing of electrons by outer shells of the atoms 16 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Ions  Ions: Atoms or groups of atoms that carry an electrical charge  Two types of ions  Cations: Positively charged  Anions: Negatively charged  Electrolytes: Form ions when dissolved in water 17 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Common Ions: Cations 18 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Common Ions: Cations, cont’d 19 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Common Ions: Anions 20 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Electrolytes and Ionization  When an electrolyte breaks apart in solution, the electrolyte is said to dissociate or ionize 21 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Lesson 2.2 General Chemical Principles, Part II: Molecules, Compounds, Chemical Reactions, Energy, and Other Chemical Terms 4. Explain the difference between a molecule and a compound, and list five reasons why water is essential to life. 5. Explain the role of catalysts and enzymes. 6. Differentiate between an acid and a base, and define pH. 7. List the six forms of energy and describe the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in energy transfer. 8. Differentiate between a mixture, solution, suspension, colloidal suspension, and a precipitate. 22 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Molecules and Compounds  Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded together  Compound: Molecules formed by two or more different atoms 23 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Water – A Vital Substance  Universal solvent  Temperature regulator  Ideal lubricant  Crucial part of most chemical reactions  Protective mechanism 24 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide  Important compounds and molecules  Oxygen (O ) is a molecule composed of 2 two oxygen atoms and exists in nature as a gas  The air we breathe contains 21% oxygen  Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a compound that consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms  CO2 is a waste product, so it must be eliminated from the body 25 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Chemical Reactions  Chemical reaction: The interaction of atoms of molecules or compounds to form new chemical combinations  Catalysts: Chemical substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction  Enzymes: Proteins that serve as catalysts 26 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Acids and Bases  Acid: An electrolyte that dissociates into H+ (hydrogen ion) and an anion  Base: Substance, often OH– (hydroxyl ion), that combines with H+ to make a solution less acidic  Acids and bases can be strong or weak 27 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  The pH Scale  pH: Unit of measurement indicating how many hydrogen ions are in a solution  pH scale: Ranges from 0 to 14  Midpoint of scale: pH 7, or neutral 28 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Reading the pH Scale  Acidosis  Too many H+ ions  pH less than 7.35  Alkalosis  Too few H+ ions  pH greater than 7.45 29 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Six Forms of Energy  Mechanical  Chemical  Electrical  Radiant  Thermal  Nuclear 30 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Energy Transfer  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): Energy transfer molecule  Three parts of ATP  Base  Sugar  Three phosphate groups 31 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Source of Energy  After the food we eat is broken down, energy is released. This energy is transferred to ATP so that it can be used by the cells of the body. 32 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Storage of Energy 33 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Release of Energy 34 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Mixtures  Mixtures: Combinations of two or more substances that can be separated by ordinary physical means  Example: A sugar-iron mixture can be separated by a magnet 35 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Solutions  Solutions have two parts that remain evenly distributed (e.g., normal saline)  Solute: Substance present in smaller amount; is the substance being dissolved  Solvent: Part of solution present in greater amount; does the dissolving  Two types of solutions  Aqueous solutions  Tinctures 36 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Suspensions and Precipitates  Suspensions: Mixtures with relatively large particles  Colloidal suspension: Particles remain suspended within the liquid  Precipitates: Solids are formed and fall out of solution during a chemical reaction 37 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Questions? 38 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.