Podcast
Questions and Answers
Dyspepsia is commonly referred to as 'bad _______.'
Dyspepsia is commonly referred to as 'bad _______.'
digestion
The lower ________ sphincter regulates the movement of food from the esophagus to the stomach.
The lower ________ sphincter regulates the movement of food from the esophagus to the stomach.
oesophageal
Patients experiencing dyspepsia may report symptoms such as heartburn, gastric acid _______.
Patients experiencing dyspepsia may report symptoms such as heartburn, gastric acid _______.
reflux
Approximately 80% of dyspepsia cases are classified as functional dyspepsia of _______ origin.
Approximately 80% of dyspepsia cases are classified as functional dyspepsia of _______ origin.
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Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may require a _______ for further evaluation.
Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may require a _______ for further evaluation.
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The parietal cells in the stomach secrete about 2L of _______ acid each day.
The parietal cells in the stomach secrete about 2L of _______ acid each day.
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Symptoms of dyspepsia may include nausea, _______ satiety, and abdominal bloating.
Symptoms of dyspepsia may include nausea, _______ satiety, and abdominal bloating.
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_____% of dyspepsia cases are due to peptic ulcers, duodenal ulcers, or erosive esophagitis.
_____% of dyspepsia cases are due to peptic ulcers, duodenal ulcers, or erosive esophagitis.
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Severe or frequent dyspeptic symptoms not controlled by OTC products may require a _______.
Severe or frequent dyspeptic symptoms not controlled by OTC products may require a _______.
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Common treatment options for dyspepsia include antacids, alginates, and H2 _______.
Common treatment options for dyspepsia include antacids, alginates, and H2 _______.
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Lifestyle advice can help to reduce symptoms of ______.
Lifestyle advice can help to reduce symptoms of ______.
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It is advisable to avoid triggers like coffee, chocolate, and ______ food.
It is advisable to avoid triggers like coffee, chocolate, and ______ food.
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OTC medications for dyspepsia include antacids and ______.
OTC medications for dyspepsia include antacids and ______.
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Antacids neutralize stomach acid and provide ______ relief.
Antacids neutralize stomach acid and provide ______ relief.
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Main adverse effects of antacids include diarrhoea and ______.
Main adverse effects of antacids include diarrhoea and ______.
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Simeticone is an antifoaming agent used for the relief of trapped ______.
Simeticone is an antifoaming agent used for the relief of trapped ______.
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It is recommended to take antacids one hour after a meal and/or prior to ______.
It is recommended to take antacids one hour after a meal and/or prior to ______.
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Aluminium and magnesium salts are preferred ingredients in ______.
Aluminium and magnesium salts are preferred ingredients in ______.
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Dyspepsia may improve with adequate sleep and reducing ______ factors.
Dyspepsia may improve with adequate sleep and reducing ______ factors.
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Antacids should not be taken at the same time as certain ______ to avoid impaired absorption.
Antacids should not be taken at the same time as certain ______ to avoid impaired absorption.
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Sodium Alginate forms a protective layer on the walls of the stomach and oesophagus, known as 'raft forming' and is given in combination with ______.
Sodium Alginate forms a protective layer on the walls of the stomach and oesophagus, known as 'raft forming' and is given in combination with ______.
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H2 antagonists act by competitively inhibiting the H2 ______ on the parietal cells.
H2 antagonists act by competitively inhibiting the H2 ______ on the parietal cells.
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Proton Pump Inhibitors work by blocking the 'proton pump', which suppresses ______ secretion.
Proton Pump Inhibitors work by blocking the 'proton pump', which suppresses ______ secretion.
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Dosing of Proton Pump Inhibitors is generally once daily and should be taken at least half an hour before ______.
Dosing of Proton Pump Inhibitors is generally once daily and should be taken at least half an hour before ______.
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H2 receptor antagonists should be avoided in children under ______ years.
H2 receptor antagonists should be avoided in children under ______ years.
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Sodium Alginate is safe during ______, provided it is clinically needed.
Sodium Alginate is safe during ______, provided it is clinically needed.
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Proton Pump Inhibitors take up to ______ days for maximum relief.
Proton Pump Inhibitors take up to ______ days for maximum relief.
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Patients should refer to their GP if symptoms are not relieved after the duration on the ______.
Patients should refer to their GP if symptoms are not relieved after the duration on the ______.
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Antacids and Alginates can be obtained OTC, while H2 antagonists and PPIs require ______ advice from a doctor.
Antacids and Alginates can be obtained OTC, while H2 antagonists and PPIs require ______ advice from a doctor.
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H2 antagonists provide short-term relief of heartburn, dyspepsia, and excess ______.
H2 antagonists provide short-term relief of heartburn, dyspepsia, and excess ______.
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Study Notes
Gastrointestinal Tract
- The esophagus is where food passes from the mouth to the stomach, controlled by the Lower Oesophageal Sphincter (LOS)
- The stomach secretes Hydrochloric acid (HCl) which has multiple roles including killing bacteria, aiding digestion and allowing digestive enzymes to work efficiently.
Dyspepsia
- A range of symptoms affecting the upper gastrointestinal tract, not a diagnosis itself
- Symptoms can include: upper abdominal pain or discomfort, heartburn, fullness, bloating, nausea, vomiting, early satiety
- Dyspepsia is classified in two ways:
- Functional dyspepsia: the cause is unknown
- Organic dyspepsia: the cause is known, an example would be the gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)
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ALARM symptoms (red flags that require seeking medical attention) include:
- Dysphagia
- Weight loss
- Vomiting including blood
- Abdominal mass felt
- Refractory to treatment
- Age >55 years
Dyspepsia Treatment
- Non-pharmacological advice: lifestyle changes, avoiding triggers, weight loss, smaller more frequent meals, managing stress
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Pharmacological advice:
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Antacids: used to neutralise stomach acid, examples include magnesium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide.
- Important to advise patients to avoid taking antacids with certain medications, as the absorption of these may be affected.
- Antacids are safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding, but consult with a healthcare professional for specific guidance.
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Alginates: form a protective layer on the stomach and esophagus, examples include Gaviscon.
- Used in combination with antacids.
- Safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding if clinically needed.
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H2 Antagonists: block the H2 receptors on the parietal cells, reducing acid production.
- Used for short-term relief of symptoms.
- Twice daily dosing, before meals or bedtime.
- Avoid in children under 16 years.
- Avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding unless under medical supervision.
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Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): block the proton pump, suppressing acid secretion.
- Used to be prescription only, but now available OTC.
- Maximum relief can take up to three days.
- Refer to a doctor if symptoms persist after the licenced duration.
- Certain medications can interact with PPIs.
- PPIs are generally considered safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding, but always consult with your healthcare provider.
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Antacids: used to neutralise stomach acid, examples include magnesium carbonate, aluminium hydroxide.
Other Treatment Options
- Simeticone: an antifoaming agent that helps relieve trapped wind.
- Identifying and Managing Risk Factors: This may involve understanding the potential implications of specific medications in relation to gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts related to the gastrointestinal tract, including the roles of the esophagus and stomach. It also explores dyspepsia, its symptoms, classifications, and when to seek medical attention. Test your understanding of these important digestive health topics.
