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Questions and Answers
Which symptom is most commonly associated with chronic gastric reflux (GERD)?
What is the primary cause of peptic ulcers?
Which cell type secretes pepsinogen in the stomach?
What is the primary treatment for Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome?
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What is the main function of botulinum toxin in the treatment of esophageal disorders?
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What is the effect of NSAIDs on HCl secretion?
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What is the primary function of parietal cells in the stomach?
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What is the primary cause of gastric reflux into the esophagus?
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What is the main complication of long-term inflammation of the esophagus due to chronic gastric reflux?
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What is the primary function of mucous cells in the stomach?
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What is the primary cause of dysphagia in esophageal disorders?
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What is the primary effect of Helicobacter Pylori bacteria in the stomach?
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Which test is used to detect 13CO2 in breath using 13C-urea?
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What is the main cause of delayed gastric emptying in diabetic patients?
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Which symptom is associated with increased gastric emptying (Dumping Syndrome)?
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What is the oral expulsion of gastric (and sometimes duodenal) contents called?
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What is the term for spasmodic respiratory movements conducted with a closed glottis?
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What is the term for when gastric and often small intestinal contents are propelled up to and out of the mouth?
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What coordinates the Vomiting Reflex?
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What type of vomiting is more severe than usual vomiting and may lead to dehydration if not properly treated?
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What are the consequences of excessive vomiting?
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What is the term for the loss of H+ and Cl resulting in hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis?
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What type of vomiting is not preceded by nausea and travels a few feet away from the body?
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What is the term for the oral expulsion of gastric contents?
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What is the primary function of the gastrointestinal system?
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Which part of the gastrointestinal system does the process start?
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What type of muscle is present in the gastrointestinal tract?
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What is the function of the enteric nervous system in regulating GI functions?
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Which part of the gastrointestinal tract contains glands and nerve plexus?
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What type of muscle is present in the gastrointestinal tract's muscularis?
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What regulates GI functions independently of extrinsic nerves?
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What type of cells serve absorptive and excretory functions in the gastrointestinal tract's mucosa?
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What type of potentials do GI smooth muscles exhibit for motility?
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What responds to sensory information from the gut lumen or the CNS?
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Which nervous system greatly influences the enteric nervous system?
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Where is information from the parasympathetic nervous system coordinated and relayed to?
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Which hormones act via systemic circulation in the gastrointestinal tract?
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What are the neurocrines synthesized in GI neurons and released following stimulation?
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What are the primary movements involved in gastric motility?
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What are the processes involved in the digestive system?
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What are the components of saliva for which it is produced?
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What controls salivary secretion in the autonomic nervous system?
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What are the primary movements involved in esophageal motility?
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What is the primary cause of achalasia?
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What are the primary movements involved in chewing and swallowing?
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What are the local actions of endocrine hormones in the gastrointestinal tract?
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What are the primary functions of saliva in the digestive system?
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What are the primary movements involved in esophageal motility?
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Which type of hormones act via systemic circulation in the gastrointestinal tract?
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What are the primary movements involved in esophageal motility?
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What regulates salivary secretion in the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the primary cause of achalasia?
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What are the primary movements involved in gastric motility?
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What is the term for the oral expulsion of gastric contents?
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What are the primary functions of saliva in the digestive system?
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What type of muscle is present in the gastrointestinal tract's muscularis?
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What are the consequences of impaired food flow into the stomach and stasis in the esophagus?
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Which nervous system greatly influences the enteric nervous system?
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What is the term for when gastric and often small intestinal contents are propelled up to and out of the mouth?
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What are the components of saliva for which it is produced?
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Study Notes
Gastrointestinal System Overview
- Integrated function of the GI system includes coordinated movement of food, secretion of enzymes, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste products
- GI system starts at the mouth and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ilium), large intestine, anus, and associated organs
- The gastrointestinal tract has a "functional" cross‐section ideal for absorption, secretion, enzyme transport, and motility through circular and longitudinal muscle contractions
- The cross‐section also includes the enteric nervous system, sensory inputs, and effector inputs from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
- The gastrointestinal tract's serosa is continuous with mesenteries, muscularis includes smooth muscle layers and enteric neurons, submucosa contains glands and nerve plexus, and mucosa consists of epithelial and connective tissue layers
- The gastrointestinal tract's mucosa is organized into large folds, with cells serving absorptive and excretory functions
- Smooth muscles are present throughout the GI tract, except in specific areas, and are of the visceral "unitary" type with gap junctions for coordinated contraction
- GI smooth muscles are stimulated by various factors and exhibit slow waves and spike potentials for motility
- The enteric nervous system regulates GI functions independently and responds to sensory information from the gut lumen or the CNS
- The enteric nervous system can function independently of extrinsic nerves, but can be greatly influenced by stimulation from the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
- The extrinsic nervous system includes the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, which have specific effects on different parts of the GI tract
- Information from the parasympathetic nervous system is coordinated in the enteric plexuses and relayed to smooth muscles, endocrine, and secretory cells
Gastrointestinal Tract Regulation and Function
- Endocrine hormones like gastrin, GIP, CCK, and secretin act via systemic circulation, while somatostatin and histamine act locally within the GI tissue.
- Neurocrines like Ach, GRP, NE, VIP, NO, and enkephalins are synthesized in GI neurons and released following stimulation.
- Gastric motility involves peristalsis and mixing movements to aid in the digestion and absorption of food.
- The digestive system processes include ingestion, digestion and secretion, absorption, and motility and defecation to maintain homeostasis.
- Chewing and swallowing involve mastication, saliva production, and a three-phase swallowing process.
- Saliva, produced by salivary glands, contains various components for lubrication, digestion, and defense against bacteria.
- Salivary secretion is under neural control by the autonomic nervous system, with both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation stimulating saliva production.
- Esophageal motility involves primary and secondary peristalsis, lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, and receptive relaxation of the orad stomach.
- Achalasia is a motility disorder caused by spasm or failure to relax the lower esophageal sphincter, resulting in impaired food flow into the stomach and stasis in the esophagus.
- Achalasia is a result of degeneration of the myenteric neurons coordinating esophageal peristalsis and LES relaxation.
Gastrointestinal Tract Regulation and Function
- Endocrine hormones like gastrin, GIP, CCK, and secretin act via systemic circulation, while somatostatin and histamine act locally within the GI tissue.
- Neurocrines like Ach, GRP, NE, VIP, NO, and enkephalins are synthesized in GI neurons and released following stimulation.
- Gastric motility involves peristalsis and mixing movements to aid in the digestion and absorption of food.
- The digestive system processes include ingestion, digestion and secretion, absorption, and motility and defecation to maintain homeostasis.
- Chewing and swallowing involve mastication, saliva production, and a three-phase swallowing process.
- Saliva, produced by salivary glands, contains various components for lubrication, digestion, and defense against bacteria.
- Salivary secretion is under neural control by the autonomic nervous system, with both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation stimulating saliva production.
- Esophageal motility involves primary and secondary peristalsis, lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, and receptive relaxation of the orad stomach.
- Achalasia is a motility disorder caused by spasm or failure to relax the lower esophageal sphincter, resulting in impaired food flow into the stomach and stasis in the esophagus.
- Achalasia is a result of degeneration of the myenteric neurons coordinating esophageal peristalsis and LES relaxation.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the gastrointestinal system with this overview and function regulation quiz. Explore the integrated function of the GI system, including movement of food, secretion of enzymes, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste products. Delve into the endocrine and neurocrine regulation of the GI tract, along with specific motility disorders such as achalasia.
