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Questions and Answers
Which nutrient is absorbed via a Na+-independent process in the small intestine?
Which nutrient is absorbed via a Na+-independent process in the small intestine?
What is the primary function of mucosal protectants?
What is the primary function of mucosal protectants?
What is a consequence of vagotomy affecting the small intestine?
What is a consequence of vagotomy affecting the small intestine?
What is the mechanism of action for sucralfate?
What is the mechanism of action for sucralfate?
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What is the primary effect of duodenal reflux in patients with a gastric remnant?
What is the primary effect of duodenal reflux in patients with a gastric remnant?
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Which type of antacid is likely to form a sticky protective barrier in the stomach?
Which type of antacid is likely to form a sticky protective barrier in the stomach?
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Which element is NOT mentioned as part of the absorption in the small intestine?
Which element is NOT mentioned as part of the absorption in the small intestine?
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What can stimulate the vomiting reflex?
What can stimulate the vomiting reflex?
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Which transport mechanism is involved in the absorption of glucose and galactose in the small intestine?
Which transport mechanism is involved in the absorption of glucose and galactose in the small intestine?
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What role does misoprostol play in gastric protection?
What role does misoprostol play in gastric protection?
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Why have surgical treatments for peptic ulcers become less common?
Why have surgical treatments for peptic ulcers become less common?
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What neurotransmitters are involved in the vomiting reflex as mediated by the vomiting center in the medulla?
What neurotransmitters are involved in the vomiting reflex as mediated by the vomiting center in the medulla?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of vomiting?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of vomiting?
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What is a physiological effect of terminal ileal resection regarding bile salt absorption?
What is a physiological effect of terminal ileal resection regarding bile salt absorption?
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Which enzyme is responsible for activating lipolytic enzymes?
Which enzyme is responsible for activating lipolytic enzymes?
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What condition can result from vitamin B12 deficiency due to terminal ileal resection?
What condition can result from vitamin B12 deficiency due to terminal ileal resection?
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Which enzyme cleaves triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol?
Which enzyme cleaves triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol?
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What is commonly associated with loss of enterohepatic circulation after terminal ileal resection?
What is commonly associated with loss of enterohepatic circulation after terminal ileal resection?
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How does trypsin affect proteolytic enzymes?
How does trypsin affect proteolytic enzymes?
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The presence of which enzyme indicates starch digestion in the small intestine?
The presence of which enzyme indicates starch digestion in the small intestine?
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What consequence does impaired fat emulsification lead to?
What consequence does impaired fat emulsification lead to?
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What is the primary function of glycogenolysis in the liver?
What is the primary function of glycogenolysis in the liver?
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Which substance is produced from the degradation of amino acids by the liver?
Which substance is produced from the degradation of amino acids by the liver?
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In which stage does the liver perform the first hydroxylation in vitamin D activation?
In which stage does the liver perform the first hydroxylation in vitamin D activation?
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What is the main role of the liver in lipid metabolism?
What is the main role of the liver in lipid metabolism?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
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What happens to ammonia produced during amino acid metabolism in the liver?
What happens to ammonia produced during amino acid metabolism in the liver?
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Which hormone is NOT detoxified by the liver?
Which hormone is NOT detoxified by the liver?
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Which product is formed after the second stage of detoxification in the liver?
Which product is formed after the second stage of detoxification in the liver?
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What is the primary function of the small bowel?
What is the primary function of the small bowel?
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Which of the following fluid volumes is absorbed by the small bowel?
Which of the following fluid volumes is absorbed by the small bowel?
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Which component is primarily secreted by the gallbladder?
Which component is primarily secreted by the gallbladder?
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During fat absorption, which of the following is NOT a direct product of lipid digestion?
During fat absorption, which of the following is NOT a direct product of lipid digestion?
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Which process is primarily used to transport lipids across the intestinal membrane?
Which process is primarily used to transport lipids across the intestinal membrane?
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What is secreted by the pancreas into the gastrointestinal tract?
What is secreted by the pancreas into the gastrointestinal tract?
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What component of the small bowel primarily facilitates the absorption of fats?
What component of the small bowel primarily facilitates the absorption of fats?
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What type of compounds does the stomach absorb mainly?
What type of compounds does the stomach absorb mainly?
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What substance is bilirubin conjugated to in hepatocytes to become water-soluble?
What substance is bilirubin conjugated to in hepatocytes to become water-soluble?
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What is a consequence of pancreatectomy regarding malnutrition?
What is a consequence of pancreatectomy regarding malnutrition?
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Which hormones promote the release of bile according to their stimuli?
Which hormones promote the release of bile according to their stimuli?
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What is the primary physiological effect of the loss of pancreatic function?
What is the primary physiological effect of the loss of pancreatic function?
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What is the process by which the majority of bile acids are recycled back to the liver?
What is the process by which the majority of bile acids are recycled back to the liver?
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What pigment is responsible for giving feces their brown color?
What pigment is responsible for giving feces their brown color?
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Which component is NOT associated with the excretion of bile?
Which component is NOT associated with the excretion of bile?
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What happens to a portion of urobilinogen in the intestine?
What happens to a portion of urobilinogen in the intestine?
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Secretin from the duodenal mucosa is released in response to ______ in the duodenum.
Secretin from the duodenal mucosa is released in response to ______ in the duodenum.
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Tight epithelial junctions prevent acid from reaching deeper ______ in the gastric mucosa.
Tight epithelial junctions prevent acid from reaching deeper ______ in the gastric mucosa.
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Fatty food in the duodenum leads to the release of ______ and GIP.
Fatty food in the duodenum leads to the release of ______ and GIP.
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Prostaglandin E secretion has a protective role by increasing the thickness of the ______ layer in the stomach.
Prostaglandin E secretion has a protective role by increasing the thickness of the ______ layer in the stomach.
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Intrinsic factor (IF) binds to vitamin ______ for absorption in the ileum.
Intrinsic factor (IF) binds to vitamin ______ for absorption in the ileum.
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The main functions of the stomach are storage, mixing, and ______ of food into the intestine.
The main functions of the stomach are storage, mixing, and ______ of food into the intestine.
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The stomach has a resting volume of around ______ mL.
The stomach has a resting volume of around ______ mL.
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As the stomach is distended, parasympathetic input from the vagus nerve inhibits muscle ______.
As the stomach is distended, parasympathetic input from the vagus nerve inhibits muscle ______.
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Iron is absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum in the ______ form.
Iron is absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum in the ______ form.
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Absorption of amino acids is facilitated by a ______ cotransport system.
Absorption of amino acids is facilitated by a ______ cotransport system.
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Fluids secreted into the GI tract amount to approximately ______ L daily.
Fluids secreted into the GI tract amount to approximately ______ L daily.
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A majority of amino acids are absorbed in the ______ small intestine.
A majority of amino acids are absorbed in the ______ small intestine.
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The three types of movement in the small bowel are segmentation, peristalsis, and ______.
The three types of movement in the small bowel are segmentation, peristalsis, and ______.
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Calcium absorption is dependent on a ______-binding protein in intestinal cells.
Calcium absorption is dependent on a ______-binding protein in intestinal cells.
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Gastric acid is responsible for converting iron to the ______ form.
Gastric acid is responsible for converting iron to the ______ form.
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A small amount of fluid, only ______ to 200 mL, is excreted in the faeces each day.
A small amount of fluid, only ______ to 200 mL, is excreted in the faeces each day.
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Saliva is secreted by several glands, including the parotid, submandibular, and ______ glands.
Saliva is secreted by several glands, including the parotid, submandibular, and ______ glands.
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The ______ phase is characterized by involuntary actions that prevent food from entering the nasopharynx.
The ______ phase is characterized by involuntary actions that prevent food from entering the nasopharynx.
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Salivary amylase initiates the digestion of ______ in the mouth.
Salivary amylase initiates the digestion of ______ in the mouth.
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The oesophageal sphincter has a pressure of approximately ______ mmHg.
The oesophageal sphincter has a pressure of approximately ______ mmHg.
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Saliva functions include lubrication for swallowing, ______, and antibacterial action.
Saliva functions include lubrication for swallowing, ______, and antibacterial action.
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If food does not enter the stomach, the resulting distension triggers a ______ wave.
If food does not enter the stomach, the resulting distension triggers a ______ wave.
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The ______ phase of swallowing is ensured by peristalsis that moves food into the stomach.
The ______ phase of swallowing is ensured by peristalsis that moves food into the stomach.
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Lysozyme and IgA found in saliva provide an ______ action against bacteria.
Lysozyme and IgA found in saliva provide an ______ action against bacteria.
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The absorption of Na+ is coupled with the absorption of glu- ______ in adjacent segments.
The absorption of Na+ is coupled with the absorption of glu- ______ in adjacent segments.
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Peristalsis is a propulsion movement triggered by ______.
Peristalsis is a propulsion movement triggered by ______.
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Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) are absorbed within the ______ created during fat absorption.
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) are absorbed within the ______ created during fat absorption.
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The ______ muscle contracts, allowing the circular muscle to also contract midway.
The ______ muscle contracts, allowing the circular muscle to also contract midway.
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Peristaltic contractions propel food a few centimeters and are part of the ______ mechanism.
Peristaltic contractions propel food a few centimeters and are part of the ______ mechanism.
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The movements of segmentation and peristalsis are intrinsic and result from the basal electrical ______ in the intestine.
The movements of segmentation and peristalsis are intrinsic and result from the basal electrical ______ in the intestine.
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Anions such as Cl− are generally absorbed by electro-chemical ______ created by Na+ absorption.
Anions such as Cl− are generally absorbed by electro-chemical ______ created by Na+ absorption.
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The absorption of water is a result of the osmotic ______ established by nutrient absorption.
The absorption of water is a result of the osmotic ______ established by nutrient absorption.
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The destruction of ageing red blood cells takes place in the ______.
The destruction of ageing red blood cells takes place in the ______.
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Bilirubin is poorly soluble and is transported to the liver bound to ______.
Bilirubin is poorly soluble and is transported to the liver bound to ______.
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In the intestine, bacteria convert bilirubin to ______.
In the intestine, bacteria convert bilirubin to ______.
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Removal of the pancreas leads to inadequate digestion of protein and lipids, resulting in ______ stools.
Removal of the pancreas leads to inadequate digestion of protein and lipids, resulting in ______ stools.
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Enterohepatic circulation involves >90% of secreted bile acids being reabsorbed from the ______.
Enterohepatic circulation involves >90% of secreted bile acids being reabsorbed from the ______.
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The pigment responsible for giving feces their brown color is ______.
The pigment responsible for giving feces their brown color is ______.
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The inadequate breakdown of protein due to pancreatic loss leads to ______ and insufficient fat digestion.
The inadequate breakdown of protein due to pancreatic loss leads to ______ and insufficient fat digestion.
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The remaining 5-10% of bile acids, altered by bacterial flora, are excreted as ______.
The remaining 5-10% of bile acids, altered by bacterial flora, are excreted as ______.
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The absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K is reduced due to the return of bile acids to the ______.
The absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K is reduced due to the return of bile acids to the ______.
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Malabsorption leads to failure to neutralize gastric chyme and results in deficiencies of ______, Ca2+, and PO4−.
Malabsorption leads to failure to neutralize gastric chyme and results in deficiencies of ______, Ca2+, and PO4−.
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Secretion of the bicarbonate-rich fluid is stimulated by ______, gastrin, and glucagon.
Secretion of the bicarbonate-rich fluid is stimulated by ______, gastrin, and glucagon.
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The liver functions in the handling of dietary carbohydrates, protein, and ______.
The liver functions in the handling of dietary carbohydrates, protein, and ______.
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CCK stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder and the release of ______ into the duodenum.
CCK stimulates the contraction of the gall bladder and the release of ______ into the duodenum.
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Study Notes
Gastrointestinal System Functions
- Oral cavity: Teeth crush and tear food, tongue forms a bolus, saliva initiates carbohydrate digestion
- Pharynx and esophagus: Convey food from mouth to stomach
- Stomach: Stores, mechanically and chemically digests food, regulates chyme passage, secretes intrinsic factor
- Small bowel: Majority of food digestion and absorption occurs
- Large bowel: Water removal from undigested food, stores in rectum, vitamin K and B vitamins produced by bacteria
- Liver: Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, creates plasma proteins, clotting factors, detoxifies and eliminates waste, toxins
- Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile
- Pancreas: Exocrine and endocrine functions, secretes digestive enzymes
Nervous and Hormonal Regulation
- Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus: Between circular and longitudinal muscle layers, motor function
- Submucosal (Meissner's) plexus: Within submucosa, sensory function
- Enteric nervous system: Responds to gut transmitters (e.g., cholecystokinin, substance P, VIP, somatostatin), responsible for most gut secretion and motility.
- Extrinsic nervous system: Sympathetic (vasoconstriction, inhibits secretion, sphincter contraction, ↓ motility) and parasympathetic (increases secretion, sphincter relaxation, ↑ motility).
- Hormones and neurotransmitters: Regulate GI motility and secretion (e.g., gastrin, secretin, CCK, pancreatic polypeptide, GIP, motilin, enteroglucagon, neurotensin).
Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Oesophagus
- Chewing: Teeth cut, grind, tear food, mix with saliva and mucus for swallowing
- Saliva: Secretion from parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Function in lubrication, speech, taste, and antibacterial action (enzymes like amylase)
Swallowing
- Oral phase: Voluntary pushing of food bolus to oropharynx
- Pharyngeal phase: Involuntary, pushes food into esophagus, and prevents food from entering nasopharynx
- Oesophageal phase: Peristalsis moves food to stomach
- Oesophageal sphincter: High-pressure region preventing gastric reflux (between esophagus and stomach)
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions of the gastrointestinal system and its regulatory mechanisms. This quiz covers the roles of various organs, including the stomach, liver, and pancreas, as well as the nervous and hormonal regulation involved in digestion. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.
