47. Pharmacology - GI Pharmacology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a learning objective of this class?

  • Describe pharmacotherapy treatment for GI disorders
  • Discuss the pathophysiology of neurological disorders (correct)
  • Describe side effects of GI medications
  • Understand the mechanism of action of common medications for GI disorders

    • Which GI disorder is specifically characterized by inflammation of the stomach lining?

  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
  • Gastritis (correct)
  • Duodenal Ulcer
  • Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

    • What is the main action of H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) in the treatment of GI disorders?

  • Stimulate gastric motility
  • Neutralize stomach acid
  • Increase gastric acid secretion
  • Inhibit gastric acid secretion (correct)

    • Which medication class is primarily used to treat Helicobacter pylori infections?

    <p>Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

    <p>Kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is known to potentially cause gynecomastia when overdosed?

    <p>Cimetidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pharmacotherapy options is least likely to be used for heartburn?

    <p>Anticholinergics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason anticholinergic drugs are rarely used as standalone treatment?

    <p>Severe side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issue arises from the interaction of Metformin with other drugs?

    <p>Increased blood concentration leading to adverse reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which common GI disorder is associated with a chronic regurgitation of stomach contents?

    <p>Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classes of enzymes does Cimetidine inhibit?

    <p>Hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When discussing contraindications for GI medications, which of the following should be considered?

    <p>Allergy to a specific drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect associated with anticholinergic drugs?

    <p>Dry mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI)?

    <p>Gastrozepin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of vitamin B12 absorption impairment due to certain drugs?

    <p>Low red blood cell levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is NOT commonly listed as interacting with Cimetidine?

    <p>Some proton pump inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of constipation?

    <p>Infrequent stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment principle is recommended first for managing mild constipation?

    <p>Dietary modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cerebral cortex play in defecation?

    <p>It controls the timing and location of defecation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism do osmotic laxatives utilize in treating constipation?

    <p>They increase fluid content of stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is NOT likely to be found in bulking agents used for constipation?

    <p>Soluble fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can laxative abuse contribute to constipation?

    <p>It leads to dependency and bowel function inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of ignoring the urge to defecate?

    <p>Increased risk of fecal impaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is currently facing increased public health issues due to laxative abuse?

    <p>Elderly people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do PPIs affect the absorption and solubility of drugs?

    <p>They increase stomach pH, which may decrease absorption of weak bases/acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can omeprazole have on the metabolism of other drugs?

    <p>It can inhibit CYP2C19, affecting prodrug activation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2C19 for patients taking omeprazole?

    <p>Increased exposure to omeprazole due to decreased function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Caucasian populations are reported to carry loss-of-function alleles for CYP2C19?

    <p>2-5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs requires activation by CYP2C19 and may be affected by omeprazole?

    <p>Clopidogrel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to give PPIs with a 2-hour interval from other prescribed drugs?

    <p>To avoid interactions that affect drug solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a likely result of using omeprazole in patients with low-function alleles of CYP2C19?

    <p>Insufficient antiplatelet effect from clopidogrel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can PPIs lead to drug-drug interactions?

    <p>By altering gastric pH and inhibiting liver enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major cause of acute diarrhea in developing countries?

    <p>Malnutrition in infants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does bacterial infection lead to diarrhea?

    <p>By blocking mucosal absorption of fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is NOT typically associated with managing diarrhea?

    <p>Opioids to increase bowel motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intestinal parasite is most commonly identified in the US and can cause prolonged diarrhea?

    <p>Giardia intestinalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary principle behind the treatment of diarrhea?

    <p>Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is specifically prescribed for C. difficile infections?

    <p>Vancomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential side effect can occur from opioid antidiarrheal medications?

    <p>Risk for constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of diarrhea associated with which condition, a specific intervention is usually indicated?

    <p>Severe diarrhea in elderly patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gastrointestinal (GI) Function

    • The GI tract is responsible for digesting food and absorbing nutrients.
    • It is composed of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
    • The digestive process involves mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.

    Common GI Disorders and Pharmacology

    • Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining.
    • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus.
    • Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is a sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum.
    • Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that infects the stomach lining and can cause gastritis, ulcers, and stomach cancer.

    Treatment for Gastritis, Heartburn, GERD, and PUD

    • Antacids neutralize stomach acid.
    • H2 Receptor Antagonists (H2RAs) block histamine receptors in the stomach, reducing acid secretion.
    • Anticholinergics block acetylcholine receptors in the stomach, reducing acid secretion.
    • Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) block the proton pump in the stomach, completely inhibiting acid production.
      • Drug-Drug Interaction PPIs can inhibit the CYP450 enzymes, altering the metabolism of other drugs.
    • Prostaglandins protect the GI lining and promote healing.

    Constipation

    • Constipation is characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, and difficulty passing stools.
    • Treatment includes dietary modifications, bulking agents, osmotic laxatives, stool softeners, and stimulant purgatives.

    Diarrhea

    • Diarrhea is characterized by increased bowel motility, causing fluid secretion or retention in the intestinal lumen.
    • Treatment includes fluid and electrolyte replacement, anti-infective agents, absorbents, and opioids.

    Medications and Their Mechanisms of Action

    • Cimetidine is an H2RA that inhibits hepatic cytochrome p450 enzymes, potentially causing drug interactions.
    • Pirenzepine is an anticholinergic that blocks muscarinic M1 acetylcholine receptors.
    • Omeprazole is a PPI that inhibits CYP2C19, potentially reducing the effectiveness of certain drugs.
    • Loperamide is an opioid antidiarrheal that does not cross the blood-brain barrier.

    Important Considerations

    • Many GI medications can interact with other drugs.
    • PPIs can affect the absorption of certain drugs.
    • Anticholinergics can have anticholinergic side effects.
    • Opioids can cause constipation and drowsiness.
    • Genetic variations can affect the metabolism of certain drugs.

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    GI Pharmacology Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the functions of the gastrointestinal tract, common disorders like gastritis and GERD, and their pharmacological treatments. Learn about the digestive process and how various medications help manage GI conditions. Test your knowledge of the anatomy and treatment of GI issues.

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