24 Questions
What is the primary cause of medial whip in a transfemoral amputee?
Misalignment of knee axis at onset of swing
What is the result of a foot that is too far inset or externally rotated?
Medial whip
What is the effect of a toe lever that is either too short or too soft during climbing?
Drop off
What is the primary cause of lateral whip in a transfemoral amputee?
Excessive external rotation
What is the primary cause of choppy or segmented midstance?
Differences in flexibility between prosthetic heel and toes
What is the primary cause of excessive knee flexion/heel rise in early swing?
Hip extensor weakness
What is the primary cause of vaulting?
Too long prosthesis
What is the primary cause of unstable prosthetic knee during stance phase?
Anterior alignment of prosthetic knee
What is the purpose of a hip-leveling guide?
To determine if the pelvis is level
During which phase of the gait cycle does the heel come off the ground?
Pre-swing
What is a common gait deviation caused by excessive inversion or eversion of the foot?
Misalignment of the prosthesis
What is the ideal knee flexion during initial contact?
20 degrees
What is a common cause of lateral trunk bending toward the prosthetic side?
Abducted gait
What is the term for the movement of the femur within the socket during weight bearing?
Lateral displacement
What is the purpose of dynamic alignment during walking?
To make changes for more efficient gait technique
What is the term for the initial contact of the lateral border of the heel?
Initial contact
In the sagittal plane, what is the ideal alignment of the socket in relation to the knee?
Knee flexed 5° to 10°
What is the primary purpose of placing the socket in 2° to 5° of varus (adduction) in the coronal plane?
To protect the head of fibula
What is the ideal foot position in relation to the socket during the gait cycle?
Center of heel and big toe aligned along the socket's midline
What is the purpose of observing the base of support width during dynamic alignment?
To ensure a consistent base of support width
What is the ideal alignment of the transfemoral socket in the anterior view?
Hip in 2° to 5° of adduction
What is the purpose of adjusting the socket in relation to the length of femur and strength of hip muscles?
To ensure proper alignment of the socket with the hip
What is the purpose of external rotation of the foot by 3° to 5°?
To smooth rollover from heel to toe
What is the ideal knee alignment during dynamic alignment?
Knee flexed 5° to 10°
Study Notes
Hip-Leveling Guide
- A device that uses a bubble level to determine if the pelvis is level
Dynamic Alignment
- Walking in a safe environment, often using parallel bars, to identify and correct gait deviations
- Aims to achieve a more efficient gait technique
Prosthetic Gait - Transtibial
- Initial contact: lateral border of heel, knee flexed by 20°
- Loading response: medial aspect of forefoot touches ground, medial border of foot parallel to line of progression
- Midstance: dorsiflexion increases, knee moves over foot
- Pre-swing: heel comes off ground, prosthesis rolls forward over toe, and lifts off ground
- Sufficient ground clearance is required
Gait Deviations - Transtibial
- Excessive inversion or eversion of foot: misalignment of prosthesis
- Excessive knee flexion: foot too far posterior, too dorsiflexed, or heel too rigid
- Insufficient knee flexion: knee fully extended at heel strike, heel too soft, or foot too far anterior
- Excessive varus: socket too far inset, foot too outset, or excessive external rotation
- Foot excessive internal rotation: socket excessively adducted
Gait Phases - Transtibial
- Initial contact:
- External rotation: foot too far outset or excessive toe-out
- Internal rotation: excessively inset or internally rotated foot
- Midstance:
- Abducted gait: lateral trunk bending, lateral gapping of socket
- Choppy or segmented midstance: differences in flexibility, lack of stability
- Swing phase:
- Insufficient ground clearance/toe-drag: faulty suspension, plantar flexed foot
- Medial whip: misalignment of knee axis, irregular loading of limb
- Climbing hill/ramp:
- Drop off: excessive descent of center of mass, diminished heel rise
- Early heel off: pelvic rise, foot too plantar flexed, toes too stiff
Prosthetic Gait - Transfemoral
- Initial contact: heel, compression of prosthetic heel simulates loading response
- Midstance: weight bearing forces move anteriorly to medial forefoot
- Terminal stance: foot prosthetic simulates toe extension and heel rise
- Pre-swing: individual rolls over toe and moves into knee flexion for effective limb clearance
Gait Deviations - Transfemoral
- Unstable prosthetic knee during stance phase: hip extensor weakness, hip flexion contracture
- Lateral trunk bending: excessive pressure in perineum
- Excessive knee flexion/heel rise in early swing: delays extension, lateral whip
- Medial whip: foot swing in medial arc, excessive external rotation
- Improper donning or suspension: vaulting, too long prosthesis
Bench Alignment - Transtibial
- Side view (Sagittal plane):
- Plumb line passes through anatomic knee center and junction point of posterior third and anterior 2/3 of foot
- Socket aligned with knee flexed 5° to 10° to facilitate heel strike and place quadriceps on stretch
- Foot position: center of heel and big toe aligned along line bisecting socket from anterior view
- Anterior view (Coronal plane):
- Plumb line passes through mid-patella and center of heel
- Socket placed in 2° to 5° of varus (adduction) to protect head of fibula and encourage lateral shift
- Foot externally rotated by 3° to 5° for smooth rollover from heel to toe
Dynamic Alignment - Transtibial
- Smooth rollover from heel to toe with good control of knee
- Consistent base of support width: 5-10 cm
- Toe clearance in swing phase
- Comfortable weight bearing on prosthesis
- Level hips
- Equal and adequate step length
Bench Alignment - Transfemoral
- Aims:
- Stability in double-limb stance
- Adequate lateral shift in single-limb stance
- Narrow base of support (5 cm)
- Anterior view:
- Socket adjusted with hip in 2° to 5° of adduction according to length of femur and strength of hip muscles
Understanding the importance of hip alignment in gait analysis, including the use of hip-leveling guides and dynamic alignment techniques. Identify gait deviations and make changes for more efficient gait technique.
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