Fungal Infections and Psoriasis Quiz

General Study Tips

• Topics and content are intended to focus student attention when reading/studying, and some topics may be repeated in multiple chapters.
• Multiple test items are derived from the same topic areas to encourage deeper comprehension.
• Students need a broad understanding of content, not just memorization of passages.
• Information in chapters, boxes, and tables may include test items.
• Exam questions assess various cognitive learning levels, requiring analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of patient scenarios.
• Students must prioritize treatment actions based on provided information.
• Read all answer options before the question stem to focus on key content and avoid distractions.
• Utilize time effectively and avoid rushing.
• Key: BLACK - book readings, PURPLE - weekly recording Q's, RED - midterm recording, BLUE - original page content, Green - quizlet, Orange - Canvas modules.

Chapter 4: The Art and Diagnosis of Treatment

• Sensitivity: The proportion of patients with a disease who test positive.
• Specificity: The proportion of patients without the disease who test negative.
• High sensitivity means the test correctly identifies most individuals with the disease, while high specificity means the test correctly identifies those without the disease.
• A test with high sensitivity and high specificity is ideal for screening.
• A test with low specificity can produce many false positives.
• High sensitivity but low specificity tests are best used for screening.

Chapter 5: Evidence-based Practice

• Sources that NPs use for clinical decision-making include evidence-based research and clinical practice guidelines.

Chapter 10: Infectious and Inflammatory Neurological Disorders

• Herpes Zoster (Shingles) is caused by varicella-zoster characterized by a painful rash with blisters.
• The rash typically follows a dermatome.
• A primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox) causes latent infection in sensory neurons.
• Pain and tingling can precede the rash onset.
• Management includes management of vesicles, controlling pain, and prevention of secondary infection with antiviral agents.

Chapter 11: Common Skin Complaints

• Pruritus: Sensation of itching accompanied by the urge to scratch.
• Common causes of pruritus are local (insect bites) or systemic (chronic renal failure).
• Atopic Dermatitis: characterized by erythematous patches with intense itching.
• Atopic Dermatitis in infants commonly affects the face and scalp, and in older children/adults, flexural areas.
• First-line treatment for mild atopic dermatitis is the use of moisturizers and emollients.

Chapter 12: Parasitic Skin Infections

• Scabies: caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei.
• Characterized by an intensely itchy rash, which is transmitted through direct contact.
• Pediculosis (lice): differentiation is done by observing that nits (lice eggs) are firmly cemented in place unlike dandruff.
• Ivermectin is the most common, effective treatment for scabies.

Chapter 13: Fungal Skin Infections

• Risk factors for fungal infections include conditions that compromise the immune system, prolonged antibiotic therapy, and a history of diabetes. The treatment is topical antifungal cream or pill.
• Assessment findings may include rash; satellite lesions; and common locations are in skin folds, moist areas.

Chapter 14: Bacterial Skin Infections

• Cellulitis: A spreading infection of the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue.
• Folliculitis: A superficial to deep skin infection of the hair follicles, characterized by papules.
• Furuncle (boil): an acute inflamed skin infection, usually affecting hair follicles, with a pus-filled lesion.
• Hidradenitis suppurativa: a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by painful bumps under the skin.

Chapter 15: Viral Skin Infections

• Herpes Zoster: Inflammation of the nerves resulting in a sharply demarcated rash.
• Warts: caused by human papillomavirus (HPV).
• The treatment of immunocompromised clients with herpes zoster usually requires antiviral medication.

Chapter 16: Dermatitis

• Atopic dermatitis: A long-term inflammatory skin condition characterized by severe itching and red, swollen, cracked skin.
• Urticaria (hives): characterized by itchy wheals on the skin, usually appearing after exercise or exposure to heat.

Chapter 17: Common Skin Lesions

• Actinic keratosis: Precancerous skin lesion resulting from chronic sun exposure.
• Most often treated by Cryotherapy.
• Rosacea: A common skin condition, characterized by flushing, redness, and visible blood vessels on the face.

Topical treatment options for acne include benzoyl peroxide

Chapter 18: Common Eye Complaints

• Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, may be viral or bacterial.
• Viral conjunctivitis is highly contagious, often associated with watery discharge.
• Bacterial conjunctivitis is frequently accompanied by thick discharge.

Chapter 19: Lid and Conjunctival Pathology

• Viral conjunctivitis: Adenovirus is the most common cause; involves inflammation of the conjunctiva with minimal pruritus and exudate.
• Bacterial conjunctivitis: more common in children and is characterized by a copious discharge, pain, and redness.
• *Chalazion: Painless, non-infectious inflammatory swelling of the meibomian gland in eyelid margin.
• Hordeolum: Acute, inflammatory, painful swelling of the sebaceous gland in the eyelid margin.

Chapter 20: Visual Disturbances and Impaired Vision

• Cataracts: An opacity of the lens of the eye, causing blurry vision, often related to age.
• Glaucoma: A group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure, resulting in damage to the optic nerve.

Chapter 21: Common Ear, Nose, and Throat Complaints

• Acute Otitis Media (AOM) is an acute infection of the middle ear.
• Otitis Externa (Swimmer's ear) is an infection of the outer ear.
• Acute Epiglottitis: a serious, rapidly progressing condition, characterized by severe sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and respiratory distress.
• An audiogram is an essential diagnostic tool to diagnose sensorineural hearing loss.

Chapter 22: Hearing and Balance Disorders

• Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL): damage to the inner ear, often permanent.
• Conductive Hearing Loss (CHL): sound transmission through the outer or middle ear is impaired, often reversible.
• Presbycusis: Age-related hearing loss, characterized by difficulty discriminating high-pitched noises.
• Ototoxicity: Hearing loss caused by medication.

Chapter 23: Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders

• Allergic Rhinitis: An IgE-mediated hypersensitivity response to an allergen causing itching, runny nose, and watery eyes.
• Viral Rhinitis: a common cause of upper respiratory symptoms involving nose and throat.
• Bacterial Otitis Media (AOM): an infection of the middle ear. Usually characterized by fever, pain and purulent discharge from the ear.
• Perforated Tympanic Membrane (TM): a hole in the eardrum due to trauma or infection, often requiring treatment..

Chapter 24: Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders

• Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis (Strep throat): a bacterial infection of the throat characterized by a severe sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever.
• Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx, characterized by pain, scratchiness, and difficulty swallowing.
• Peritonsillar Abscess: an acute collection of pus behind the tonsils with possible airway compromise.

Chapter 25: Peritonsillar Abscess

• Peritonsillar abscess: An acute collection of pus behind the tonsils; often associated with severe sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and painful mouth opening.

Chapter 63: Infectious Mononucleosis

• A viral infection caused by Epstein Barr (EBV) that can results in fatigue, sore throat, fever and lymph node swelling
• Monospot test may be used to confirm infection
• Treatment is supportive and not antibiotics.