39 Questions
What is the most common opportunistic fungal infection?
Candidiasis
Which antifungal drug is used to treat mucocutaneous candidiasis?
Nystatin
What is the mechanism of action of Ketoconazole?
Inhibits ergosterol synthesis
What is the name of the fungus that causes rhinocerebral syndrome?
Zygomycetes
What is the treatment of choice for Cryptococcosis and Candida lusetaniae?
Fluconazole
What is the oldest known antifungal drug?
Amphotericin B
What is the adverse effect of Amphotericin B?
Reversible Azotemia
Where do RNA viruses typically replicate?
Cytoplasm
What is a characteristic of RNA viruses that makes them prone to mutation?
They have a high mutation rate due to lack of proofreading during replication
Which of the following viruses is known to cause fifth disease?
Parvovirus B19
What is the primary mechanism of replication for RNA viruses?
Encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Which of the following viruses is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family?
Hepatitis B virus
What is the name of the disease caused by the Varicella-zoster virus?
Chickenpox
Which of the following viruses is known to cause hand-foot-mouth disease?
Coxsackievirus
What is the name of the virus that causes Norwalk virus syndrome?
Norwalk virus
What is the term for a fungal infection that affects the skin, hair, and nails?
Dermatomycoses
Which fungus causes Chromomycosis?
Fonseceae spp
What is the name of the disease caused by Sporothrix shenckii?
Sporotrichosis
What is the term for fungal infections that affect deep tissues, such as the lungs and brain?
Systemic mycoses
What is the name of the fungal infection that is also known as Spelunker's Disease?
Histoplasmosis
Which fungal infection is common among patients with AIDS?
Cryptococcosis
What is the term for fungal infections that affect the skin and mucous membranes?
Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
What is the name of the fungal infection that is also known as North American Blastomycosis?
Blastomycosis
What is the transmission route of Trichomonas vaginalis?
Sexual
What is the treatment for Chagas disease?
Nifurtimox and Benzonidazole
What is the disease caused by Leishmania donovani?
Visceral leishmaniasis
What is the transmission route of Pneumocystis jiroveci?
Cough droplets
What is the treatment for Toxoplasma gondii?
Sulphonamides, pyrimethamine, possibly spiramycin
What is the disease caused by Babesia microti?
Hemolytic anemia
What is the treatment for Isospora belli?
Sulpha drugs
What is the transmission route of Plasmodium falciparum?
Female anopheline mosquito
What is the transmission method of Taenia saginata?
Cyst in beef
What is the treatment for Echinococcus granulosus?
Surgery, formalin injection, and drainage
Which organism is responsible for elephantiasis?
Brugia malayi
What is the primary symptom of Schistosoma hematobium infection?
Dermatitis
What is the treatment for Fasciolopsis buski infection?
Praziquantel only
What is the primary symptom of Diphyllobothrium latum infection?
Cough with dry or rusty brown sputum
What is the treatment for Taenia solium infection?
Praziquantel only
Which organism is responsible for Cysticercosis?
Taenia solium
Study Notes
Fungal Infections
- Candidiasis: most common opportunistic fungal infection, acquired through inhalation and IV catheters
- Aspergillosis: causes asthma-like condition
- Zygomycosis: causes rhinocerebral syndrome
- Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP): leading cause of death for AIDS patients
Treatment of Fungal Infections
- Superficial Mycoses:
- Griseofulvin: unknown MOA, proposed to inhibit microtubule synthesis
- Nystatin: binds to ergosterol, DOC for mucocutaneous candidiasis
- Azoles: inhibit ergosterol synthesis, examples include Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole, and Tioconazole
- Systemic Mycoses:
- Amphothericin B: oldest known antifungal, DOC for systemic mycoses
- Azoles: alternative to Amphothericin B
- Life-Threatening Mycoses:
- Amphothericin B: binds to ergosterol, DOC for hospital-acquired fungal infections and all systemic infections
- Itraconazole: alternative to Amphothericin B
Viral Infections
- RNA Viruses:
- Replicate in cytoplasm
- Genome structure determines mechanism of transcription and replication
- Prone to mutation
- DNA Viruses:
- Examples include Parvoviridae, Papovaviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Poxviridae
- Classification of Viruses:
- RNA (Naked) Viruses
- RNA (Enveloped) Viruses
- DNA (Naked) Viruses
- DNA (Enveloped) Viruses
Mycoses
- Dermatomycoses/Mucocutaneous Candidiasis:
- Manifests as oral thrush, vaginitis, and diaper rash
- Subcutaneous Mycoses:
- Chromomycosis: caused by Fonseceae spp, Cladosporium spp, and Phialophora spp
- Mycetoma: caused by Pseudallescheria boydii and Nocardia brasiliensis
- Sporotrichosis: caused by Sporothrix schenckii
- Systemic/Deep Mycoses:
- Primary Pathogens:
- Coccidioidomycosis: caused by Coccidioides immitis
- Histoplasmosis: caused by Histoplasma capsulatum
- Blastomycosis: caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Paracoccidioides: caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
- Opportunistic Pathogens:
- Cryptococcosis: caused by Cryptococcus neoformans
- Cryptosporidiosis: caused by Cryptosporidium parvum
- Primary Pathogens:
Protozoa
- Blood and Tissue Protozoa:
- Trypanosoma brucei: causes sleeping sickness
- Trypanosoma cruzi: causes Chagas disease
- Leishmania donovani: causes visceral leishmaniasis
- Plasmodium falciparum: causes malaria
- Toxoplasma gondii: causes toxoplasmosis
- Babesia microti: causes babesiosis
Cestodes
- Taenia saginata: causes taeniasis
- Taenia solium: causes cysticercosis
- Echinococcus granulosus: causes echinococcosis
- Echinococcus multilocularis: causes alveolar echinococcosis
Trematodes
- Schistosoma mansoni: causes schistosomiasis
- Schistosoma japonicum: causes schistosomiasis
- Schistosoma hematobium: causes schistosomiasis
- Fasciolopsis buski: causes fasciolopsiasis
- Diphyllobothrium latum: causes diphyllobothriasis
This quiz covers various types of fungal infections, including candidiasis, aspergillosis, and zygomycosis, along with their causes, symptoms, and treatment options. It also includes information on anti-fungal drugs and their mechanisms of action.
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