Fundamentals of Chemistry and Physics
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Questions and Answers

What describes the relationship between mass and weight?

  • Weight and mass are identical measurements of an object.
  • Mass changes with location; weight remains constant.
  • Mass is a measure of the amount of matter and is not affected by gravity. (correct)
  • Weight is a measure of how much matter exists in an object.

    • Which property is indicative of a chemical change?

  • The production of gas during a reaction. (correct)
  • A change in coloration without a reaction.
  • The ability to conduct electricity.
  • The phase transition from solid to liquid.

    • Which statement about isotopes is true?

  • Isotopes differ in the number of protons and neutrons.
  • Isotopes have the same chemical properties as different elements.
  • All isotopes of an element have the same mass number.
  • Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. (correct)

    • What best describes a homogeneous mixture?

    <p>A mixture where components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguishable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a scientific theory?

    <p>A well-substantiated explanation based on a large body of evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of noble gases?

    <p>They are nonpolar and unreactive under normal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes valence electrons?

    <p>They are responsible for an atom's chemical reactivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

    <p>Physical changes do not alter the chemical composition of a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the coefficient in a chemical equation?

    <p>The number of molecules involved in the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes energy?

    <p>The ability to perform work or produce heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a cation?

    <p>It forms when an atom loses one or more electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding electron arrangement in atoms is true?

    <p>Electrons fill the inner energy levels before the outer levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what state of matter do particles move freely and independently of each other?

    <p>Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fundamentals of Chemistry and Physics

    • Law: A descriptive statement of equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions.
    • Technology: Application of science for practical purposes; using tools, machines, materials, and processes to meet human needs.
    • Theory: A system of ideas explaining related observations, supported by extensive scientific evidence.
    • Mass: Amount of matter in an object; unaffected by external forces like gravity.
    • Volume: Size of a body or region in three-dimensional space.
    • Weight: Gravitational force exerted on an object; varies with location.
    • Length: Straight-line distance between two points.
    • Scientific Method: Series of steps for problem-solving, including data collection, hypothesis, testing, and conclusions.
    • Precision: Exactness of a measurement.
    • Accuracy: Closeness of a measurement to the true value.
    • Scientific Notation: Expressing quantities as a number multiplied by 10 to a power.
    • Significant Figures: Prescribed decimal places determining rounding based on measurement precision.
    • Matter: Anything with mass and occupies space.
    • Element: Substance not separable or breakable into simpler forms chemically; all atoms have the same atomic number.
    • Atom: Smallest element unit with chemical properties.
    • Compound: Substance formed by atoms of two or more different elements bonded chemically.
    • Pure Substance: Element or compound with definite chemical and physical properties.
    • Mixture: Combination of two or more substances not chemically combined.
    • Homogeneous Mixture: Uniformly mixed substances; different materials indistinguishable.
    • Heterogeneous Mixture: Different materials easily distinguishable.
    • Density: Ratio of mass to volume (g/cm³ or g/L).
    • Physical Change: Change in form without changing chemical properties.
    • Chemical Change: Change where one or more substances transform into new substances with different properties.
    • Chemical Property: Describes a substance's ability to undergo a chemical change.
    • Physical Property: Characteristic observable without changing substance composition.
    • Energy: Capacity to do work.
    • Evaporation: Liquid changing to gas.
    • Condensation: Gas changing to liquid.
    • Sublimation: Solid changing directly to gas (and vice-versa).
    • Plasma: State of matter with free-moving ions and electrons.
    • Electron: Subatomic particle with negative charge.
    • Proton: Subatomic particle with positive charge in the nucleus; determines element.
    • Neutron: Subatomic particle with no charge in the nucleus.
    • Atomic Number: Number of protons in an atom's nucleus; defines an element.
    • Mass Number: Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
    • Isotope: Atoms of same element with same protons but different neutrons.
    • Valence Electron: Outermost shell electron; determines atom's chemical properties.
    • Nucleus: Central core of an atom containing protons and neutrons.
    • Period: Horizontal row of elements in the periodic table.
    • Group: Vertical column of elements in the periodic table; similar chemical properties.
    • Ion: Atom, radical, or molecule with a net electric charge (positive or negative).
    • Cation: Positive ion (formed by losing electrons).
    • Anion: Negative ion (formed by gaining electrons).
    • Metal: Shiny element that conducts heat and electricity well.
    • Nonmetal: Element that poorly conducts heat and electricity.
    • Semiconductor: Conducts better than insulator, but not as well as a conductor.
    • Alkali Metal: Group 1 elements (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr).
    • Alkaline Earth Metal: Group 2 elements (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra).
    • Noble Gas: Group 18 elements; unreactive.
    • Transition Metal: Uses inner shells before outer shells for bonding.
    • Halogen: Group 17 elements; combine with metals to form salts (F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts).
      • Reactant: Substance participating in a chemical reaction.
      • Product: Substance formed in a chemical reaction.
      • Coefficient: Number before a molecule; indicates molecule count.
      • Subscript: Small number after an element; indicates element count.

    Chemical Reactions

    • Key terms: coefficient and subscript

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    Test your knowledge on the core concepts of chemistry and physics. This quiz covers fundamental definitions, measurements, and the scientific method. Brush up on your understanding of mass, volume, weight, and more to excel in your studies.

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