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Questions and Answers
Which muscle is NOT considered as an accessory muscle of respiration?
Which muscle is NOT considered as an accessory muscle of respiration?
- Diaphragm (correct)
- Serratus anterior
- Internal intercostals
- Rectus abdominis
What is the viceral pleura?
What is the viceral pleura?
- An external serous membrane lining the internal thoracic wall
- The Internal serous membrane attached to the lung surface (correct)
- A potential space containing a thin lubricating film of pleural fluid
- Lines the internal surface of the ribs
Which type of ribs are directly attached to the sternum?
Which type of ribs are directly attached to the sternum?
- Floating ribs
- Vertebrocostal
- Vertebrosternal (correct)
- Cervical ribs
What is the structural alteration associated with a pneumothorax?
What is the structural alteration associated with a pneumothorax?
Which division of the mediastinum contains the heart and roots of the great vessels?
Which division of the mediastinum contains the heart and roots of the great vessels?
Which muscles are active during inspiration and help elevate the ribs?
Which muscles are active during inspiration and help elevate the ribs?
Which muscles are accessory muscles of active expiration and help depress the ribs?
Which muscles are accessory muscles of active expiration and help depress the ribs?
Which lung has three lobes?
Which lung has three lobes?
Which lung has two lobes?
Which lung has two lobes?
Where is the hilum located in the lungs?
Where is the hilum located in the lungs?
Which nerves provide autonomic innervation to the lungs?
Which nerves provide autonomic innervation to the lungs?
What is the role of bronchial vessels in the lungs?
What is the role of bronchial vessels in the lungs?
Where does lymphatic drainage of the lungs not follow a predictable path?
Where does lymphatic drainage of the lungs not follow a predictable path?
Where do lymphatics arise in the lungs?
Where do lymphatics arise in the lungs?
Which muscles are inactive during inspiration and expiration, but play a role in maintaining posture and supporting movements of the abdominal wall?
Which muscles are inactive during inspiration and expiration, but play a role in maintaining posture and supporting movements of the abdominal wall?
Where do the middle intercostal muscles located ?
Where do the middle intercostal muscles located ?
How many surfaces does each lung have?
How many surfaces does each lung have?
What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
How many regions of origin does the diaphragm have?
How many regions of origin does the diaphragm have?
Which nerve provides motor innervation to the diaphragm?
Which nerve provides motor innervation to the diaphragm?
What happens if the connective tissues of the hemi-diaphragms do not fuse properly during gestation?
What happens if the connective tissues of the hemi-diaphragms do not fuse properly during gestation?
Which muscle can assist inspiration by elevating the rib cage?
Which muscle can assist inspiration by elevating the rib cage?
What is the role of the central tendon of the diaphragm?
What is the role of the central tendon of the diaphragm?
Which muscles function as accessory muscles of respiration?
Which muscles function as accessory muscles of respiration?
What is the embryological origin of the diaphragm?
What is the embryological origin of the diaphragm?
Which nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Which nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
What is the role of superficial anterior thoracic muscles in respiration?
What is the role of superficial anterior thoracic muscles in respiration?
Which of the following landmarks marks the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum?
Which of the following landmarks marks the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum?
Which part of the thoracic cage is formed by four sternabrae and lies in the same plane as the 2nd thoracic vertebra?
Which part of the thoracic cage is formed by four sternabrae and lies in the same plane as the 2nd thoracic vertebra?
Which ribs do not have tubercles and do not articulate with the sternum?
Which ribs do not have tubercles and do not articulate with the sternum?
What is the location between the medial ends of the clavicles called?
What is the location between the medial ends of the clavicles called?
Which type of ribs have no sternal connection?
Which type of ribs have no sternal connection?
Which part of the sternum can be palpated externally?
Which part of the sternum can be palpated externally?
Which part of the rib cage has a broad inferior thoracic aperture?
Which part of the rib cage has a broad inferior thoracic aperture?
What does the sternabrae form?
What does the sternabrae form?
Which structure marks the division of breasts?
Which structure marks the division of breasts?
What is the function of the thin layer of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?
What is the function of the thin layer of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?
Which blood supply provides nourishment to the parietal pleura?
Which blood supply provides nourishment to the parietal pleura?
What happens if the pleural cavity is disrupted?
What happens if the pleural cavity is disrupted?
Which structures are contained within the superior mediastinum?
Which structures are contained within the superior mediastinum?
Which muscles are used during expiration?
Which muscles are used during expiration?
What can happen if a patient receives bilateral interscalene brachial plexus blocks?
What can happen if a patient receives bilateral interscalene brachial plexus blocks?
Which arteries supply blood to the visceral pleura?
Which arteries supply blood to the visceral pleura?
What are pleural reflections?
What are pleural reflections?
What is the function of the intact pleural space?
What is the function of the intact pleural space?
What is the purpose of the mediastinum?
What is the purpose of the mediastinum?
What are pleural recesses?
What are pleural recesses?
Which ribs are most responsible for the pump-handle effect?
Which ribs are most responsible for the pump-handle effect?
Study Notes
- The pleural cavity is a potential space created by the lungs being located within pleural sacs, composed of two layers of serous membrane.
- The parietal pleura is the external serous membrane lining the internal thoracic wall, while the visceral pleura is the internal serous membrane attached to/covering the lung surface.
- The thin layer of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity couples the visceral and parietal pleura, preventing alveolar collapse and reducing resistance during breathing movements.
- The intact pleural space is required to maintain lung inflation at end-expiration.
- The parietal pleura is named according to the structures it lines, such as the costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal, and cervical pleura.
- Pleural reflections are regions where the parietal pleural membrane turns back and folds on itself, and pleural recesses are potential spaces within these reflections where pleural fluid accumulates during eupnea.
- The parietal pleura receives its blood supply from branches of adjacent structures, such as the internal thoracic, intercostal, and musculophrenic arteries.
- Visceral pleura receives blood from bronchial arteries, branches off the aorta, and blood is drained by pulmonary veins.
- Disruption of the pleural cavity can cause pulmonary collapse, such as with pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary fistulas, and hemothorax or hydrothorax.
- The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity and contains all thoracic viscera except the lungs, with superior and inferior divisions.
- The superior mediastinum contains the trachea, aortic arch and its branches, esophagus, vagus and phrenic nerves, and part of the thymus.
- The inferior mediastinum has three subdivisions: anterior, middle (containing the heart and pericardial sac), and posterior (containing structures that vertically traverse the thorax), such as the esophagus, carina/primary bronchi, descending thoracic aorta, azygos system of veins, and vagus and sympathetic nerves.
- During expiration, the diaphragm and internal intercostals muscles are used.
- The ribs most responsible for the pump-handle effect are all ribs.
- Bilateral interscalene brachial plexus blocks should not be performed due to potential complications, such as diaphragmatic paralysis and respiratory failure.
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Description
Explore the various functions of the diaphragm, the primary muscle of inspiration in the respiratory system. Learn about its role in respiration, venous return, and as a barrier that separates different body cavities.
