Respiratory Quiz 1.1

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Questions and Answers

Which muscle is NOT considered as an accessory muscle of respiration?

Diaphragm (correct)

Serratus anterior

Internal intercostals

Rectus abdominis

What is the viceral pleura?

An external serous membrane lining the internal thoracic wall

The Internal serous membrane attached to the lung surface (correct)

A potential space containing a thin lubricating film of pleural fluid

Lines the internal surface of the ribs

Which type of ribs are directly attached to the sternum?

Floating ribs

Vertebrocostal

Vertebrosternal (correct)

Cervical ribs

What is the structural alteration associated with a pneumothorax?

Collapse of a lung due to air in the pleural space Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the mediastinum contains the heart and roots of the great vessels?

Inferior mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are active during inspiration and help elevate the ribs?

External intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are accessory muscles of active expiration and help depress the ribs?

Middle intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which lung has three lobes?

Right lung Signup and view all the answers

Which lung has two lobes?

Left lung Signup and view all the answers

Where is the hilum located in the lungs?

Wedge-shaped area on the mediastinal surface Signup and view all the answers

Which nerves provide autonomic innervation to the lungs?

Pulmonary plexuses Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of bronchial vessels in the lungs?

Supplying the lung stroma Signup and view all the answers

Where does lymphatic drainage of the lungs not follow a predictable path?

Left inferior lobe Signup and view all the answers

Where do lymphatics arise in the lungs?

Terminal bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are inactive during inspiration and expiration, but play a role in maintaining posture and supporting movements of the abdominal wall?

Internal oblique muscles Signup and view all the answers

Where do the middle intercostal muscles located ?

Between the superficial and deep intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

How many surfaces does each lung have?

Four Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the diaphragm?

To separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities Signup and view all the answers

How many regions of origin does the diaphragm have?

Three Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve provides motor innervation to the diaphragm?

Phrenic nerves Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the connective tissues of the hemi-diaphragms do not fuse properly during gestation?

Herniation of abdominal viscera Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle can assist inspiration by elevating the rib cage?

Sternocleidomastoid Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the central tendon of the diaphragm?

Connect to the pericardial sac Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles function as accessory muscles of respiration?

Anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the embryological origin of the diaphragm?

'Hemi-diaphragms' that fuse during gestation Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of superficial anterior thoracic muscles in respiration?

Function as accessory muscles by elevating ribs during inspiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following landmarks marks the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum?

Sternal angle of Louis Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the thoracic cage is formed by four sternabrae and lies in the same plane as the 2nd thoracic vertebra?

Body of sternum Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs do not have tubercles and do not articulate with the sternum?

Ribs 11 and 12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the location between the medial ends of the clavicles called?

Suprasternal notch Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ribs have no sternal connection?

Floating ribs Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the sternum can be palpated externally?

Manubrium Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the rib cage has a broad inferior thoracic aperture?

Floating ribs Signup and view all the answers

What does the sternabrae form?

Body of sternum Signup and view all the answers

Which structure marks the division of breasts?

intermammary cleft Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thin layer of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity?

Preventing alveolar collapse and reducing resistance during breathing movements Signup and view all the answers

Which blood supply provides nourishment to the parietal pleura?

Internal thoracic, intercostal, and musculophrenic arteries Signup and view all the answers

What happens if the pleural cavity is disrupted?

Pulmonary collapse Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are contained within the superior mediastinum?

Trachea, aortic arch, esophagus, vagus and phrenic nerves, and part of the thymus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are used during expiration?

internal intercostals muscles Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if a patient receives bilateral interscalene brachial plexus blocks?

Potential complications of diaphragmatic paralysis and respiratory failure Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries supply blood to the visceral pleura?

Bronchial arteries from the aorta Signup and view all the answers

What are pleural reflections?

Regions where the parietal pleural membrane turns back and folds on itself Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intact pleural space?

Maintaining lung inflation at end-expiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mediastinum?

Contain all thoracic viscera except the lungs Signup and view all the answers

What are pleural recesses?

Potential spaces within pleural reflections where pleural fluid accumulates during eupnea Signup and view all the answers

Which ribs are most responsible for the pump-handle effect?

Ribs attached to sternum (true ribs) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The pleural cavity is a potential space created by the lungs being located within pleural sacs, composed of two layers of serous membrane.
The parietal pleura is the external serous membrane lining the internal thoracic wall, while the visceral pleura is the internal serous membrane attached to/covering the lung surface.
The thin layer of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity couples the visceral and parietal pleura, preventing alveolar collapse and reducing resistance during breathing movements.
The intact pleural space is required to maintain lung inflation at end-expiration.
The parietal pleura is named according to the structures it lines, such as the costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal, and cervical pleura.
Pleural reflections are regions where the parietal pleural membrane turns back and folds on itself, and pleural recesses are potential spaces within these reflections where pleural fluid accumulates during eupnea.
The parietal pleura receives its blood supply from branches of adjacent structures, such as the internal thoracic, intercostal, and musculophrenic arteries.
Visceral pleura receives blood from bronchial arteries, branches off the aorta, and blood is drained by pulmonary veins.
Disruption of the pleural cavity can cause pulmonary collapse, such as with pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary fistulas, and hemothorax or hydrothorax.
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity and contains all thoracic viscera except the lungs, with superior and inferior divisions.
The superior mediastinum contains the trachea, aortic arch and its branches, esophagus, vagus and phrenic nerves, and part of the thymus.
The inferior mediastinum has three subdivisions: anterior, middle (containing the heart and pericardial sac), and posterior (containing structures that vertically traverse the thorax), such as the esophagus, carina/primary bronchi, descending thoracic aorta, azygos system of veins, and vagus and sympathetic nerves.
During expiration, the diaphragm and internal intercostals muscles are used.
The ribs most responsible for the pump-handle effect are all ribs.
Bilateral interscalene brachial plexus blocks should not be performed due to potential complications, such as diaphragmatic paralysis and respiratory failure.

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Description

Explore the various functions of the diaphragm, the primary muscle of inspiration in the respiratory system. Learn about its role in respiration, venous return, and as a barrier that separates different body cavities.