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Questions and Answers
Which bone type is characterized by being neither long, short, nor flat and includes the hip bone?
What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plate of cartilage in long bones?
Which of the following statements about yellow bone marrow is true?
What covers the shaft of a long bone and serves as an attachment for various structures?
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Which artery primarily supplies the inner two-thirds of the bone cortex and the medullary cavity?
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Which classification of bones includes structures developed from connective tissue by intermembranous ossification?
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What type of bone is characterized by a medullary cavity filled with bone marrow and thick cortex of compact bone?
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Which type of bone primarily protects vital organs like the brain and the heart?
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What morphological classification of bone includes structures that do not fit the typical descriptions of long, short, or flat bones?
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Which classification of bones refers to their location within the body, such as axial and appendicular groups?
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Study Notes
Functions of Bones
- Contributes to the shape of the body
- Offers attachment points for muscles
- Serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus which can be released as needed
- Contains red bone marrow which is responsible for producing blood cells and immune cells.
- Protects vital organs such as the brain, heart, and spinal cord.
Classification of Bones
- ** Regional Classification:** Categorizes based on anatomical location.
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Axial Skeleton: Central part of the body, including bones such as:
- Thoracic cage (ribs, sternum)
- Skull
- Vertebral column
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Appendicular Skeleton: Includes the limbs, such as:
- Humerus
- Femur
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Axial Skeleton: Central part of the body, including bones such as:
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Developmental Classification: Groups bones by their formation process.
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Membranous Bones: Develop from connective tissue through intramembranous ossification.
- Examples: Bones of the skull, flat bones of the face
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Cartilaginous Bones: Form from hyaline cartilage through endochondral ossification.
- Examples: Humerus
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Mixed Ossification Bones: Develop through a combination of intramembranous and endochondral ossifications.
- Examples: Mandible, Clavicle
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Membranous Bones: Develop from connective tissue through intramembranous ossification.
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Structural Classification: Describes bone internal structure.
- Compact (Cortical) Bone: Hard, outer layer of bone found in all bone types. More prominent in the shaft of long bones.
- Cancellous (Spongy) Bone: Trabecular meshwork with spaces filled with bone marrow. Located in the ends of long bones and within other bone types.
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Morphological Classification: Categorizes bones based on shape.
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Long Bones: Elongated shaft with distinct ends.
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Typical Long Bones: Include a medullary cavity and a thick compact bone cortex.
- Examples: Humerus
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Atypical Long Bones: Variations in size and structure.
- Examples: Metacarpals, phalanges (one epiphysis)
- Examples: Clavicle (no medullary cavity)
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Typical Long Bones: Include a medullary cavity and a thick compact bone cortex.
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Short Bones: Thin outer cortex with an inner structure of cancellous bone.
- Examples: Wrist, ankle bones
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Flat Bones: Thin, flattened or curved with two compact bone layers separated by spongy bone.
- Examples: Skull, sternum, ribs
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Irregular Bones: Complex shapes, not categorized as long, short, or flat. Typically of cartilaginous origin.
- Examples: Hip bones
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Pneumatic Bones: Contain air spaces.
- Examples: Maxilla
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Sesamoid Bones: Small, nodule-like bones embedded within tendons, ligaments, or joint capsules.
- Examples: Patella, sesamoid bones around tendons
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Long Bones: Elongated shaft with distinct ends.
Structure of Living Bones
- Epiphysis: End of a long bone.
- Diaphysis: Shaft of a long bone.
- Metaphysis: Part of the diaphysis adjacent to the epiphyseal plate of cartilage.
- Epiphyseal Plate of Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage plate between the epiphysis and metaphysis responsible for longitudinal bone growth. Ossifies around 15-22 years of age.
- Bone Cortex: The outer layer of compact bone surrounding the shaft (diaphysis).
- Medullary Cavity: Found only in long bones except the clavicle. It is filled with bone marrow.
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Bone Marrow:
- Red Bone Marrow: Active in producing blood cells. Found in all bones, replaced by yellow marrow in long bones at puberty.
- Yellow Bone Marrow: Mostly composed of fat, not involved in blood cell production. Found in the medullary cavities of long bones and cancellous bone in adults.
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Periosteum: Fibrous membrane covering the shaft of bones. It is responsible for the attachment of:
- Joint Capsule: A fibrous sac that encloses joints.
- Tendon: Connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.
- Muscle: Tissue that initiates movement.
- Ligament: Connective tissue that joins bones to one another.
- Septa: Internal partitions or dividers.
Blood Supply of Bones
- Bones have a rich blood supply to facilitate repair and regeneration. Arteries provide the main blood supply.
- Nutrient Artery: A single artery entering through the nutrient canal. Supplies the inner two-thirds of the bone cortex, medullary cavity, and bone marrow.
- Periosteal Arteries: Supply the outer one-third of the bone cortex.
- Metaphyseal Arteries: Supply the metaphysis.
- Epiphyseal Arteries: Supply the epiphysis.
Cartilage
- Firm, rubber-like tissue found in the skeleton.
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Description
Explore the functions and classifications of bones in the human body. This quiz covers regional and developmental classifications, along with the essential roles that bones play, from protecting vital organs to serving as a reservoir for minerals. Test your knowledge about the axial and appendicular skeletons as well as the various types of bones.
