Freedom of the Human Person and Moral Acts
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Questions and Answers

What does Ayn Rand believe is essential for economic progress?

  • Collective decision-making
  • Government regulation of industries
  • Charitable acts by wealthy individuals
  • Individual mind and freedom of thought (correct)

According to Edmund Husserl, what is intersubjectivity primarily concerned with?

  • The subjective experiences isolated from others
  • Absolute independence of individual perspectives
  • Objective truths shared by society
  • The interchange of thoughts and feelings between individuals (correct)

In the context of choices, what is the consequence of making a decision?

  • One can gain unlimited benefits without any costs
  • Certain options are permanently eliminated while others are obtained (correct)
  • Choices have no real impact on one's future
  • All choices are equally beneficial

What is meant by subjective knowledge as described in the content?

<p>Knowledge that is influenced by personal opinions and experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 20th century's view of the individual contrast with medieval thought?

<p>It emphasizes the role of the individual over divine authority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary guiding principle of humanity according to Thomas?

<p>Love (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Sartre's philosophy, what is an intrinsic aspect of being human?

<p>The ability to create one's own destiny (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Rousseau's view on the state of human beings in society?

<p>Humans are born free and good but are corrupted by society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hobbes believe is necessary to escape the self-destructive condition of warfare among humans?

<p>A strong, centralized government (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following indicates Thomas Aquinas's belief about human beings?

<p>Humans possess both material and spiritual aspects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of humanity does Sartre stress in his existentialist view?

<p>The freedom to choose and the responsibility that follows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Thomas assert about the relationship between God and love?

<p>God embodies love, which is essential for human happiness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What core belief does Rousseau hold regarding self-preservation and community?

<p>Humans naturally form communities for mutual protection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the social contract represent in the context of society?

<p>A voluntary agreement among individuals to create a common governance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Skinner, what is necessary for true freedom?

<p>An understanding of our dependency on the environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does Yelon criticize about behavioral psychology?

<p>Issues surrounding the definitions of reward and punishment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the relationship individuals should have with their environment according to the content?

<p>A balanced interaction that acknowledges both good and evil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of freedom encompass?

<p>Tasks that incorporate both negative and positive aspects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of living with paradoxes contribute to individual learning?

<p>It promotes flexibility and adaptability in facing life's complexities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Skinner believe about control in human behavior?

<p>Certain types of control can be beneficial if understood correctly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind punishment as described by Yelon?

<p>It functions as an educational tool to shape future behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for action to occur according to the content?

<p>Will and intellect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the concept of moral responsibility as discussed?

<p>Individuals are responsible for their moral acts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Aristotle, what is the defining trait of human beings?

<p>Their rational nature based on facts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the term 'transcendental destiny' for humans?

<p>Humans can achieve a divine state through personal effort. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as the ultimate source of power for humans to change themselves?

<p>God's power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is love characterized in relation to humanity’s nature?

<p>It serves as an invitation in accordance with free nature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the relationship between reason, will, and action?

<p>Reason, will, and action are interdependent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does social context play in moral decision-making?

<p>It influences the perception of rewards and punishments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Power of volition

The power to make decisions and translate them into action. Reason guides but will executes.

Free will

The ability to choose between good and bad, which distinguishes humans from other creatures.

Character vs. Responsibility

Past behavior doesn't excuse bad choices. We have the power to change.

Reason as a divine characteristic

Reason is divine, making humans unique with potential to change themselves and the world.

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Transcendental Destiny

Humans are meant to develop and improve through their actions, guided by God's plan.

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God's Grace and Love

The gap between humans yearning for perfection and God's grace can only be bridged through love.

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Cooperation with God

The power of change is a collaboration between humans and God.

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Immortality through virtuous life

Through righteous living, humans can transcend their mortal state and achieve an immortal state.

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Love as the Guiding Principle

This principle states that love is the guiding force for humanity's journey towards self-discovery and ultimate happiness.

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God as First Cause & Human Potential

It asserts that God is the first cause of all creation and that humans have the unique ability to improve themselves and their environment due to their inherent spirituality.

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Existentialism and Individual Choice

This philosophy emphasizes the individual's freedom of choice and responsibility for their decisions. It highlights the idea that humans are creators of their own destinies.

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Human Nature and the Influence of Society

It proposes that humans are fundamentally good, but societal influences like civilization and progress corrupt them, leading to the loss of their natural goodness and peace of mind.

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Self-Preservation and Social Contract

This concept highlights the innate self-preservation instinct in humans, leading them to form communities and agreements to protect themselves from the dangers of their own nature.

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The State and the Social Contract

In this theory, the state is viewed as a necessary institution founded by mutual consent to regulate human behavior and prevent chaos. This solves the problem of human nature's tendency towards conflict.

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The Chain of Society and Loss of Freedom

It emphasizes that human beings are born free but become enslaved by social structures and systems. It proposes that civilization and progress, while having potential benefits, also have negative consequences for human nature.

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Human Destiny and the Power of Love

In this philosophical perspective, human beings have the inherent capacity for self-perception and happiness. Love is seen as the catalyst for this journey towards self-discovery and fulfillment.

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Volition

The ability of individuals to think and make choices independently.

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Intersubjectivity

The shared awareness of our own thoughts and feelings along with those of others.

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Subjective Knowledge

Knowledge based on personal opinions, interpretations, or experiences that may not be supported by evidence or facts.

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Objective Knowledge

Knowledge backed by facts, shared evidence, and verifiable reasoning.

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Plato's View of the Soul

The ability to acquire knowledge through reason and the desire to live in harmony with one's true nature.

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Social contract

A theoretical framework where individuals voluntarily surrender some individual rights in exchange for the benefits and protection of a collective society, governed by a common power.

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Prudence

The ability to make sound and careful judgments, considering potential risks and consequences.

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Behaviorism

The idea that our actions and behaviors are primarily shaped by their consequences, with rewards encouraging repetition and punishments discouraging them.

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Redesigning the environment

The ability to modify and improve our environment, rather than simply escaping or destroying it.

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Punishment as an educative measure

The act of inflicting punishment as a tool for learning and motivation, with the goal of preventing future wrongdoing and setting an example for others.

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Balance in human-environment relationship

Finding a balance in our interactions with both our fellow humans and the natural world.

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Spirituality of imperfection

The acceptance of life's complexities and contradictions, recognizing that perfection is elusive and that both good and bad exist.

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Theory of freedom

The recognition that our lives should not be solely dictated by external rewards and punishments, but aim for greater purpose and personal growth.

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Study Notes

Freedom of the Human Person

  • The power of volition enables individuals to make decisions. Reason guides will, but will translates reason into action. Without will, no action.
  • Will is an instrument of free choice. Individuals can be good or bad, worthy or worthless, this is shown by our internal sense of right and wrong, common human experience, rewards/punishments, and praise/blame.
  • Moral acts are particular acts and individuals are responsible for their actions, regardless of character/habit. Reason (intellect) is a divine characteristic, a spark of the divine, and essential for will.
  • Humans are unique; they can shape themselves and their world for the better. Humans can transcend their physical limitations; they have a supernatural/transcendental destiny, striving for a higher self.

Moral Acts

  • Character or habit is no excuse for immoral conduct.
  • Actions, including educational choices, are in one's control and responsibility.

Spiritual Freedom

  • Human beings are both material and spiritual, possessing a conscience.
  • God is love, and love is destiny. The human person is desired to be God and to shape their own destiny.
  • Humans are free to choose and one's decisions are not influenced by others, therefore responsible for one's own life.

Social Contract

  • Jean Jacques Rousseau, an influential philosopher, detailed his theory of human nature in "Social Contract."
  • Human beings are naturally inclined towards self-preservation and community is needed for mutual protection.
  • Mutual agreement is essential for societal formation. A sovereign power is necessary to prevent warfare by maintaining order.

Prudence and Behavior

  • Prudence is important for decision making by avoiding danger.
  • Skinner's theory on consequences and behavior: Behavior is shaped by consequences. Humans need to adapt to their environment, not destroy or escape it.
  • Yelon: Punishment serves as an educational tool in shaping behavior while maintaining balance with the environment. Life involves paradoxes which need to be accepted and understood.
  • The human environment is both good and bad and one must learn to adapt to the world.

Intersubjectivity

  • Intersubjectivity is the shared awareness/understanding among individuals—which is facilitated by empathy.
  • This awareness is fundamental in human interaction.
  • Subjective knowledge is based on personal opinion and understanding.

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Related Documents

Philosophy: Freedom of the Human Person PDF

Description

Explore the concepts of freedom, will, and moral responsibility in this quiz. Understand how individuals' choices reflect their character and the divine nature of reason in shaping one's actions and destiny. Analyze key ideas related to spiritual freedom and moral conduct.

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