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What is the typical immobilization period for a joint after soft-tissue healing begins?

  • 4 to 6 weeks
  • After 6 weeks
  • 2 to 3 weeks (correct)
  • 1 week

    • Which of the following fractures typically require internal fixation?

  • Minimally displaced fractures
  • Stable fractures after reduction
  • Fractures that unite poorly and slowly (correct)
  • Fractures that are likely to heal without intervention

    • What is one common complication associated with internal fixation?

  • Infection (correct)
  • Soft-tissue healing
  • Joint stiffness
  • Vascular injury

    • Which technique is most appropriate for managing fractures with severe soft-tissue damage?

    <p>External fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of early fixation in multiple fractures?

    <p>Reduces risk of general complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a method of internal fixation?

    <p>External beams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture is likely to benefit from external fixation to allow for wound inspection?

    <p>Comminuted fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is associated with fractures that have undergone internal fixation and failed to heal appropriately?

    <p>Non-union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a stress fracture?

    <p>An incomplete fracture appearing in one part of the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fracture is characterized by the fracture surfaces losing contact due to shifting?

    <p>Translation fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In fracture healing, what does callus formation indicate?

    <p>The stabilization of fracture fragments during healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication occurs when a fracture takes unusually long to heal?

    <p>Delayed union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of using rigid internal fixation on bone healing?

    <p>Dependence on the metal implant for structural integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which alignment deformity results in the bone appearing straight but having a torsional deformity?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture involves the cartilaginous growth plate and may lead to deformity?

    <p>Physeal fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can lead to bone shortening due to muscle activity after a fracture?

    <p>Length alignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a classic feature of complications related to fractures?

    <p>Excessive swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a differential pressure (ΔP) of less than 30 mmHg indicate in the context of fracture complications?

    <p>Immediate compartment decompression is required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of chronic osteomyelitis following a fracture?

    <p>Open fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indication for performing internal fixation and bone grafting in fracture cases?

    <p>When union is delayed for more than 6 months with no callus formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if muscle necrosis is observed during inspection after a fasciotomy?

    <p>Debridement should be performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to contribute to delayed union of a fracture?

    <p>Proper alignment and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes fasciotomy in the context of leg fractures?

    <p>Opening all four muscle compartments through lateral incisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most incidental complication following a fracture that generally does not prevent union?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hypertrophic non-union in bone fractures?

    <p>Osteogenesis is active but insufficient for union.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is necessary for atrophic non-union?

    <p>Bone grafting after excising fibrous tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is defined as malunion?

    <p>Healing of fragments in a misaligned position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically associated with avascular necrosis?

    <p>The fibula after a fracture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best method to prevent joint stiffness after a fracture?

    <p>Elevate and minimize edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes heterotopic ossification?

    <p>It leads to fluffy calcification in soft tissues after injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication may arise from an untreated fracture at the hip joint?

    <p>Avascular necrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue with rigid fixation methods for non-unions?

    <p>They may lead to union in rigid cases only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best treatment for a patellofemoral joint that experiences repeated dislocation due to ligament damage?

    <p>Early operative repair of the ruptured ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is recommended for treating a ligament avulsion with an attached piece of bone if the fragment is large enough?

    <p>Re-attach the bone fragment surgically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assumed about a dislocation that implies complete displacement of joint surfaces?

    <p>Dislocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical feature is commonly associated with a dislocated joint?

    <p>Characteristic limb positioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the nature of healing in a ligament after undergoing reconstructive surgery?

    <p>There is less fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a scenario involving habitual (voluntary) dislocation?

    <p>Patient gains ability to dislocate the joint at will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically required for the reduction of a dislocated joint?

    <p>General anesthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a subluxation from a dislocation?

    <p>Partial apposition of articular surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended initial treatment for a ruptured ligament after 1 or 2 weeks?

    <p>Functional brace allowing joint movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of dislocation, what clinical feature indicates complete displacement of joint surfaces?

    <p>Joint surfaces are completely displaced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary approach to dealing with recurrent dislocations due to ligament damage?

    <p>Reconstructive surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes habitually dislocated joints from other dislocation types?

    <p>Ability to voluntarily dislocate or subluxate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a ligament is avulsed with an attached piece of bone, what is the optimal treatment if the bone fragment is large enough?

    <p>Re-attach the bone fragment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of physiotherapy in the treatment of a ruptured ligament?

    <p>To increase muscle strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is frequently associated with a recurrence of dislocations?

    <p>Damage to ligaments and joint margins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs during a reduction of a dislocated joint requiring a general anesthetic?

    <p>Relocation of joint surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of pathological fractures in individuals over the age of 40?

    <p>Metabolic bone disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically indicates a sprain rather than a strain?

    <p>Twisting or pulling of the joint without tearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for a ruptured ligament?

    <p>To encourage natural healing processes and manage symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an older patient with osteoporotic bone, what is likely to occur when a joint is forcefully angulated?

    <p>The bone is crushed while the ligament holds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is most likely to occur if a ligament is avulsed rather than torn?

    <p>Visible detachment of bone on an x-ray examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential complication of untreated joint injuries?

    <p>Permanent instability of the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common method for managing the symptoms of a torn ligament initially?

    <p>Stress exercises for strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates a strain from a sprain?

    <p>Damage primarily to muscles rather than ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After suffering a ligament rupture, what is a common experience for the affected joint?

    <p>Frequent giving way due to unexpected pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment approach for a sprained joint?

    <p>Encouragement of movement and exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does early movement play in the healing process of a ruptured ligament?

    <p>It helps improve strength and reduce scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fractures and sprains is false?

    <p>Sprains involve tearing of ligaments and should be immobile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In pediatric cases, what is a common result of excessive twisting forces at a joint?

    <p>Fracture-separation of the physis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates significant bleeding under the skin following a ligament rupture?

    <p>Hemarthrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immediate action should be taken if joint swelling due to a ligament rupture is pronounced?

    <p>Use ice packs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is most susceptible to sprains and ruptures due to its hinge structure?

    <p>Knee</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fixation is often used in cases of open fractures to stabilize the bone while allowing for wound inspection?

    <p>External fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is most frequently associated with fractures that have undergone surgical fixation?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of fixation is characterized by placing a rod inside the marrow cavity of a bone to stabilize a fracture?

    <p>Intramedullary fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental principle in treating fractures effectively to ensure optimal healing?

    <p>Alignment and stabilization of bone fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patellofemoral joint injuries, which treatment is typically necessary for repeated dislocations due to ligament damage?

    <p>Surgical reconstruction of the ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fracture is most likely to pose a challenge due to the risk of complications when it involves the joint?

    <p>Fracture-dislocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a fracture that fails to unite properly and may require surgical intervention?

    <p>Non-union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reduction technique is primarily used for dislocated joints to restore normal joint alignment?

    <p>Closed reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that may contribute to the development of malunion in bone fractures?

    <p>Lack of proper fixation technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is particularly associated with avascular necrosis?

    <p>Ischemia affecting the head of the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for treating atrophic non-union effectively?

    <p>Excising fibrous tissue and using bone grafts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle should guide the management of joint stiffness following a fracture?

    <p>Elevation to minimize swelling during the early phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a late soft-tissue complication of fractures?

    <p>Joint stiffness caused by inadequate mobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is commonly recommended for a recurrent patellofemoral joint dislocation?

    <p>Surgical reconstruction of the stabilizing ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of healing is the correct classification of hypertrophic non-union observed?

    <p>When osteogenesis is active but insufficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate intervention for a patient showing fluffy calcifications around the joint after an injury?

    <p>Observation and monitoring for symptoms of discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Callus formation is essential for stabilizing fracture fragments as quickly as possible.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rigid internal fixation allows for immediate mechanical strength without the formation of any callus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Delayed union occurs when a fracture heals too quickly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compression fractures can occur in the cancellous bone of vertebral bodies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Translation refers to the angulation of bone fragments in relation to one another.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    External fixation is often recommended to allow for wound inspection in certain types of fractures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fracture healing requires that the fracture surfaces remain completely mobile to promote healing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The length of bone can be affected by muscle spasm, causing the fragments to overlap.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Closed fractures require immobilization only for 1 week before physiotherapy can begin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Internal fixation is not usually recommended for fractures that heal poorly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infection is a common complication associated with internal fixation of fractures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    External fixation is suitable for managing fractures that involve significant soft-tissue damage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Devices used for internal fixation include wires, plates, and screws.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Comminuted fractures can be effectively treated with internal fixation if stability is a concern.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The risk of re-fracture is a recognized complication of internal fixation techniques.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fractures of the pelvis can often be controlled effectively with either internal or external fixation methods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After 1 or 2 weeks, a splint should be replaced with a functional brace to allow joint movement while preventing further injury to the ligament.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reconstructive surgery on a ruptured ligament increases the likelihood of fibrosis in the healing process.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dislocation and subluxation both imply that the joint surfaces are entirely out of contact with each other.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Habitual dislocation occurs when a person can voluntarily dislocate their joint through muscle contraction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of recurrent dislocation, it is often necessary to wait for the ligaments to heal before considering surgical intervention.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dislocated joints are often characterized by severe pain, abnormal joint shape, and a characteristic holding position.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is best to treat a ruptured ligament that is avulsed with an attached piece of bone by ignoring the fragment if it is large enough.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physiotherapy is primarily used to promote joint immobilization after a ligament injury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A differential pressure (ΔP) of less than 20 mmHg indicates immediate compartment decompression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fasciotomy involves opening all four compartments through either medial or lateral incisions if muscle necrosis is observed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Open fractures are less likely to become infected compared to closed fractures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Delayed union of fractures can occur due to improper splintage and infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Internal fixation with bone grafting is indicated only if union is delayed for more than 9 months.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common cause of chronic osteomyelitis after a fracture is post-traumatic wound infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All skin wounds resulting from complex fractures must be closed immediately to prevent complications.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compartment syndrome requires pressure measurements close to the site of the fracture to assess treatment needs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypertrophic non-union, the bone ends are tapered and show no sign of osteogenesis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Avascular necrosis can occur in the head of the femur following a fracture of the femoral neck.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrophic non-union is characterized by the presence of fibrous tissue in the fracture gap.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rigid fixation alone is sufficient to achieve union in atrophic non-union cases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malunion occurs when fracture fragments heal in an acceptable position.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joint stiffness can be prevented by elevating the affected limb and promoting joint mobility.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heterotopic ossification refers to the development of bone in abnormal locations, often related to muscle injuries.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary treatment for joint instability after a fracture is full cast immobilization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes acute injuries in sports?

    <p>They require emergency management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about overuse injuries is true?

    <p>They are often related to training loads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment approach for sterno-clavicular dislocation?

    <p>Conservative management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of injury is an acromioclavicular (ACJ) dislocation?

    <p>Common in all sports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options is a feature of acute injuries?

    <p>They can be fatal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor most influences the occurrence of overuse injuries?

    <p>Training loads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the gradual onset of overuse injuries?

    <p>Progressively worsening symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the general management approach for overuse injuries?

    <p>Rest is crucial for recovery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the treatment of acute injuries from that of overuse injuries?

    <p>Acute injuries often require surgery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the body do acute injuries affect?

    <p>They can affect almost all body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical treatment approach for fractures of the scapula?

    <p>Mostly conservative treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification is associated with fractures of the proximal humerus?

    <p>Neer classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes fractures and dislocations around the elbow?

    <p>They necessitate operative intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fracture is most commonly treated using minimally invasive operative methods?

    <p>Wrist fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fracture type requires treatment that ranges between conservative and operative?

    <p>Fractures of the proximal humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for the distal humerus, often referred to as the Hollestein fracture?

    <p>Operative treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic treatment approach for supracondylar fractures of the femur?

    <p>Operative intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly observed with scaphoid fractures?

    <p>High risk of avascular necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes tibial fractures from other types of bone fractures?

    <p>More common with operative treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of forearm fractures?

    <p>Considered a joint injury requiring extensive rehabilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes acute injuries in sports medicine?

    <p>Sudden onset affecting specific body parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes overuse injuries?

    <p>They develop gradually and often respond to rest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment approach for a sterno-clavicular dislocation?

    <p>Mostly conservative management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of injury is classified as common in all sports, particularly rugby?

    <p>ACJ dislocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do acute injuries typically require treatment compared to overuse injuries?

    <p>Acute injuries necessitate emergency management and may need surgical treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the anatomy relevant to upper limb injuries?

    <p>Both shoulder muscles and rotator cuffs are involved in upper limb performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of upper limb muscle anatomy relevant for sports injuries?

    <p>Includes muscles both on the anterior and posterior aspects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with fatal acute injuries?

    <p>They can be really severe and may necessitate emergency action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is associated with the classification of sports injuries?

    <p>Dividing injuries into acute and overuse types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment approach for fractures of the clavicle?

    <p>Mostly conservative treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system is used for fractures of the proximal humerus?

    <p>Neer classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment is commonly required for fractures around the wrist?

    <p>Minimally invasive operative treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for fractures of the olecranon?

    <p>Operative treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical treatment for supracondylar fractures of the femur?

    <p>Operative treatment is generally recommended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fracture type is notably described as rare, yet treated conservatively when it does occur?

    <p>Scapula fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of humeral fractures primarily require operative treatment?

    <p>Fractures of the distal humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the commonality and typical treatment approach for tibial fractures?

    <p>Very common, treated operatively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of fractures in the forearm, especially regarding treatment?

    <p>Regarded as a joint injury, requiring operative treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common injury associated with shoulder instability?

    <p>Shoulder dislocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute injuries can have a sudden onset and may affect almost all body parts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overuse injuries occur suddenly and require surgical treatment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sterno-clavicular dislocation is a common injury requiring immediate surgery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ACJ dislocation is particularly common in rugby players.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The brachial plexus is responsible for the arterial system of the upper limb.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute injuries may sometimes be fatal depending on their severity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overuse injuries require surgical intervention in most cases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The front and back shoulder muscles are integral to upper limb anatomy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most injuries to the upper limb are treatable through conservative management.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute injuries do not require emergency management.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fractures of the clavicle are considered a rare injury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treatment for fractures of the distal humerus is mostly conservative.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fractures of the scapula are commonly seen in sports injuries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Operative treatment is predominant for fractures of the forearm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minimally invasive operative treatment is common for wrist fractures in elderly patients.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Femoral fractures require conservative treatment due to their complexity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tibial fractures are more common than femoral fractures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shoulder impingement is a condition related to soft tissue injury.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress fractures can occur due to repetitive forces on a bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elbow dislocations are typically treated with operative methods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with compartment syndrome following a fracture?

    <p>Altered sensibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely complication of an open fracture?

    <p>Post-traumatic wound infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is external fixation typically indicated?

    <p>Fractures requiring stabilization without causing further tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does internal fixation for a fracture typically involve?

    <p>Placement of screws and plates to hold bone fragments together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment approach is indicated if a fracture does not show signs of union after six months?

    <p>Internal fixation and bone grafting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are classic features associated with compartment syndrome?

    <p>Pain, Paraesthesia, Pallor, Paralysis, and Pulselessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication requires emergency treatment before addressing a fracture?

    <p>Vascular Injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT an essential principle in the treatment of open fractures?

    <p>Pressure Immobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of stabilization in fracture treatment?

    <p>Maintain Proper Alignment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can result from increased pressure within an osteofascial compartment?

    <p>Compartment Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a consequence of muscle ischemia in compartment syndrome?

    <p>Fibrous Tissue Replacement for Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that can lead to the development of gangrene in muscle tissue?

    <p>Prolonged Ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is indicated when a fracture has significant soft tissue damage?

    <p>External Fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the management of an open fracture?

    <p>Wound debridement must occur as soon as possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential complication that can arise from a fracture?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indication for using external fixation in fracture treatment?

    <p>Fractures with severe soft-tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle should be followed when treating closed fractures?

    <p>Reduce, hold, and exercise for stable fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a method of internal fixation for fractures?

    <p>Intramedullary nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of internal fixation failure?

    <p>Re-fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is least likely to be associated with fractures?

    <p>Acute inflammation of adjacent joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly summarizes the purpose of external fixation?

    <p>To stabilize fractures while allowing for soft-tissue recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fractures typically require the use of plates and screws during internal fixation?

    <p>Displaced fractures of the femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of compartment syndrome?

    <p>Visible swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with fractures?

    <p>Heterotopic ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is external fixation typically indicated in fracture management?

    <p>When there is severe soft-tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a method of internal fixation?

    <p>Insertion of metal plates and screws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle underlies fracture treatment?

    <p>Restoration of anatomical alignment and stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fracture is often a result of repetitive stress?

    <p>Stress fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a comminuted fracture?

    <p>The bone is broken into multiple fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an open fracture from a closed fracture?

    <p>Skin integrity is compromised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about incomplete fractures?

    <p>The periosteum remains intact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would a greenstick fracture most likely occur?

    <p>In children with flexible, springy bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from a fracture that takes unusually long to heal?

    <p>Non-union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is primarily used for stabilizing fractures while allowing for inspection of soft tissue?

    <p>External fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most critical factor for the successful healing of a fracture?

    <p>Adequate immobilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a stress fracture compared to other types of fractures?

    <p>Incomplete break in only one part of the cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture is characterized by the displacement of fragments due to tilting or angulation?

    <p>Alignment fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would rigid internal fixation hinder proper bone healing?

    <p>In the presence of an impacted fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of compartment syndrome after a fracture?

    <p>Intense pain on stretching muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern with delayed union in fracture healing?

    <p>Potential for bone becoming osteoporotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment principle focuses on minimizing movement at the fracture site to promote healing?

    <p>Application of external splints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the requirement for bone-forming cells during fracture healing?

    <p>They are crucial for callus formation at the fracture site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All open fractures should be assumed to be ______.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compartment syndrome can occur due to excessive swelling of a limb within a loose plaster cast.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pain, paraesthesia, pallor, paralysis, and pulselessness are the classic features of ischemia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibiotic prophylaxis is not necessary for open fractures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vascular injury during a fracture can result from puncture, tearing, or compression.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle can fully recover after experiencing necrosis due to ischemia from compartment syndrome.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Debridement is one of the four essentials in the treatment of open fractures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulses may still be detectable in a compartment syndrome, even when ischemia occurs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rib fractures pose no risk of serious complications such as pneumothorax.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stabilization of a fracture is not necessary if the fracture is open.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A bony mass is palpable and clearly defined by 8 weeks post-fracture.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nerve entrapment can occur due to a post-traumatic valgus deformity of the elbow.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Radial palsy commonly occurs due to prolonged supine positioning after a fracture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complex regional pain syndrome typically presents with localized swelling and warmth around the injury site.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle contracture can be a complication following compartment syndrome.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevation and active exercises are primary treatments for nerve entrapment after a fracture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sympathetic block is an effective treatment for complex regional pain syndrome.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lateral popliteal nerve is primarily at risk during improper use of crutches.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypertrophic non-union, the bone ends are tapered and suggest that osteogenesis is still active.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrophic non-union requires the excision of fibrous tissue and packing of bone grafts for treatment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malunion occurs when bone fragments heal in an acceptable position.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Avascular necrosis can occur in the head of the femur after fracture or dislocation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joint stiffness is best treated by immediate full cast immobilization after injury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A differential pressure (ΔP) of less than 30 mmHg indicates that fasciotomy should be performed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Delayed union of a fracture can occur due to severe soft-tissue damage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heterotopic ossification commonly occurs in muscles around the elbow after an injury.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevation following an injury helps minimize joint instability.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compartment syndrome is characterized by reduced pain sensation and increased muscle strength.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compartment syndrome symptoms include increased muscle strength in the affected area.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Open fractures rarely become infected compared to closed fractures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrous tissue in the fracture gap contributes positively to healing in atrophic non-union.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fasciotomy involves opening all compartments through medial and lateral incisions in the leg.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rigid fixation methods alone are sufficient to ensure union in all types of non-union fractures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle necrosis can be determined during inspection after fasciotomy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Post-traumatic wound infection is a common cause of chronic osteomyelitis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Internal fixation is indicated if union is delayed for more than 6 months without callus formation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dynamic compression plates are used exclusively for external fixation in fracture treatment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A differential pressure (ΔP) greater than 30 mmHg indicates a need for decompression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathological fractures are commonly caused by benign tumors and cysts in individuals over the age of 20.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joint injuries typically occur from twisting or compressing forces that damage the ligaments and capsule.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A sprain involves complete tearing of ligaments in a joint.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Complete rest and immobilization are the first steps in treating a sprained joint.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In older individuals, ligaments may hold while the bone on the opposite side of a joint can be crushed due to osteoporotic conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fractures of the Clavicle

    • Common injury with conservative treatment for most cases.
    • Classification divides fractures based on type and location.

    Fracture of the Scapula

    • Rare injury; treatment typically conservative.

    Fractures of the Proximal Humerus

    • Classified using the Neer classification system.
    • Treatment varies between conservative and operative approaches.

    Fractures of the Shaft of the Humerus

    • Involves midshaft fractures; management strategies include conservative treatment options.

    Fracture of Distal Humerus

    • Known as Hollestein fracture; primarily treated operatively.

    Fractures and Dislocations Around the Elbow

    • Commonly occurring injuries; management strategies include both conservative and surgical methods.

    Fractures of the Supracondylar Area

    • Considered severe injuries; typically require operative treatment.

    Fracture of Olecranon

    • Generally treated with surgical intervention.

    Fractures of the Forearm

    • Considered a joint injury; surgical treatment is usually indicated.

    Fractures Around the Wrist

    • Extremely common, particularly among the elderly; treated using minimally invasive operative methods.

    Hand Fractures

    • Scaphoid fractures often lead to avascular necrosis; metacarpal and phalangeal fractures are also categorized as long bone fractures.

    Anatomy of the Lower Limb

    • Key components include hip flexors, extensors, thigh, knee extensors, flexors, and leg muscles.

    Pelvic Injuries

    • Rare in sports; generally classified and treated operatively.

    Femoral Fractures

    • Involves different parts of the femur; primarily treated operatively.

    Knee Injuries

    • Include various classifications, thus necessitating tailored treatment.

    Tibial Fractures

    • More common than other fractures; surgical intervention typically required.

    Ankle Fractures

    • Various treatment modalities based on specific injury types.

    Foot Fractures

    • Include stress fractures and require careful assessment.

    Doping

    • Involves the intake of prohibited substances aimed at enhancing athletic performance.

    Overuse Injuries

    • Gradual onset due to training loads; respond well to rest and usually do not require surgery.

    Complications of Fractures

    • Potential complications include infection, delayed union, non-union, malunion, avascular necrosis, and joint stiffness.

    Principles of Fracture Treatment

    • Closed fractures often require reduction, stabilization, and exercises.
    • Internal fixation used for unstable fractures.
    • External fixation indicated for severe soft tissue damage or associated vascular issues.

    Fracture Healing

    • Healing mechanisms include callus formation, direct union, and selection of appropriate fixation techniques.
    • Complications can include delayed union, leading to considerations for reoperation.

    Ligament Injuries

    • Dislocations and ruptured ligaments are often treated conservatively with splinting, ice, and NSAIDs.
    • Surgical intervention becomes necessary if instability persists or if there is an avulsed bone fragment.

    Late Complications

    • Growth disturbances, joint instability, and osteoarthritis may arise from poorly healed fractures.

    Post-Injury Management

    • Emphasis on functional rehabilitation to restore mobility and strength.
    • Continuous monitoring of joint condition post-injury to prevent stiffness.### Ruptured Ligament Treatment
    • Splint replaced with a functional brace after 1-2 weeks, allowing joint movement while preventing re-injury.
    • Physiotherapy initiated to maintain muscle strength; proprioceptive exercises introduced later.
    • Reconstructive surgery available if instability persists, promoting better healing and less fibrosis.
    • Avulsed ligaments with a large bone fragment should be reattached.
    • Joints relying on ligament continuity (like the thumb) benefit from early operative repair.

    Dislocation and Subluxation

    • Dislocation: joint surfaces completely displaced; no contact.
    • Subluxation: partial displacement; articular surfaces remain partially apposed.
    • Clinical features post-injury include pain, abnormal joint shape, characteristic limb positioning, and restricted movement.
    • Apprehension test helps assess joint stability as patients resist manipulation due to fear.

    Dislocation Treatment

    • Recurrent dislocations indicate ligament or joint margin damage, common in shoulders and patellofemoral joints.
    • Habitual dislocation occurs when patients can voluntarily dislocate or subluxate joints.
    • Immediate reduction usually requires general anesthesia; joints immobilized for 2-3 weeks post-reduction, followed by physiotherapy.
    • Surgical reconstruction may be necessary for unstable joints.

    Pathological Fractures

    • In individuals under 20, benign bone tumors and cysts are common causes.
    • In those over 40, metabolic bone diseases, secondary carcinomas, and Paget’s disease are prevalent.

    Joint Injuries

    • Joint injuries arise from twisting or tilting forces that stretch or tear ligaments, sometimes causing avulsion fractures.
    • Articular cartilage can also be damaged due to excessive compression or fractures within the joint.
    • General principle: forceful angulation typically tears ligaments rather than crushing bone; however, older adults may experience bone crushing due to osteoporosis.

    Sprains and Strains

    • Sprains involve painful twisting of a joint without tearing ligaments, while strains refer to ligament stretching or microscopic tearing.
    • Severe forces may lead to complete ligament ruptures.

    Sprained Joint Presentation

    • Twisting a joint causes pain but typically little swelling or bruising.
    • Tenderness may be localized in superficial joints; deeper injuries may obscure whether ligaments or muscles were affected.
    • Treatment focuses on reassurance, movement, and exercise encouragement.

    Strained Ligament Presentation

    • Momentarily twisting a joint may cause some ligament fibers to tear while keeping the joint stable.
    • Symptoms include pain, swelling, and bruising around the affected joint.

    Fracture Overview

    • Fractures involve breaks in bone continuity, which can range from cracks to complete displacement of fragments.
    • Closed fractures: skin remains intact; open fractures risk contamination.
    • Joint injuries can include strained ligaments, subluxation, dislocation, or fracture-dislocation.

    Types of Fractures

    • Complete fractures: Bone completely broken; can be transverse, oblique, spiral, impacted, segmental, or comminuted.
    • Incomplete fractures: Periosteum intact, such as greenstick fractures in children, with easier reduction and quicker healing.

    Complications of Fractures

    • Malunion occurs when bone fragments heal in unsatisfactory positions.
    • Avascular necrosis may affect certain bones (e.g., femur head, scaphoid) following fractures or dislocations.
    • Common late complications include growth disturbances, joint instability, and osteoarthritis.

    Late Complications and Soft Tissue Issues

    • Joint stiffness: Prevention through elevation, functional bracing, and early mobility exercises.
    • Heterotopic ossification can develop post-injury, initially leading to pain and swelling.
    • Stress fractures represent incomplete breaks that can worsen with overuse or stress.
    • Compartment syndrome requires monitoring for differential pressure; fasciotomy may be necessary.

    Principles of Fracture Treatment

    • Closed fractures should be reduced, held, and exercised as conditions allow.
    • Internal fixation is needed for unstable or poorly healing fractures, using wires, plates, screws, or intramedullary nails.
    • External fixation is suitable for severe soft-tissue damage or when internal methods are too risky.

    Complications of Internal Fixation

    • Risks include infection, non-union, implant failure, and potential re-fracture.

    Comprehensive Management of Fractures

    • Delayed union and non-union warrant differentiated treatments based on individual assessments.
    • In cases of delayed healing or non-union, internal fixation and bone grafting may be required to promote recovery.### Fractures of the Clavicle
    • Commonly occurring injury within the upper extremity.
    • Primarily treated with conservative methods.

    Fracture of the Scapula

    • A rare injury typically managed with conservative treatment.

    Fractures of the Proximal Humerus

    • Neer classification is used to categorize injury severity.
    • Treatment options vary between conservative and operative approaches.

    Fractures of the Shaft of the Humerus

    • Involves the midshaft area of the humerus.

    Fracture of Distal Humerus

    • Known as the Hollestein fracture.
    • Operative treatment is commonly required.

    Fractures and Dislocations Around the Elbow

    • Elbow dislocation can result from trauma.
    • Severe injuries in the supracondylar area require surgical intervention.

    Fracture of Olecranon

    • Generally treated through surgical methods.

    Fractures of the Forearm

    • Considered a joint injury with operative treatment as a primary option.

    Fractures Around the Wrist

    • Extremely common, particularly among the elderly.
    • Treatment often involves minimally invasive operative techniques.

    Hand Fractures

    • Scaphoid fractures are common, with a risk of avascular necrosis.
    • Metacarpal and phalangeal fractures are also prevalent.

    Anatomy of the Lower Limb

    • Comprises bones, muscles—including hip flexors, extensors, thigh, knee extensors, and flexors—and nerve networks such as the lumbar plexus.

    Pelvic Injuries

    • Rare in sports contexts, but significant when they occur.

    Femoral Fractures

    • Can occur in different anatomical regions, typically requiring operative treatment.

    Supracondylar Fractures of the Femur

    • Associated with knee injuries often needing surgical intervention.

    Tibial Fractures

    • Commonly occurring injuries that necessitate surgical treatment.

    Ankle and Foot Fractures

    • Treatment approaches vary and may involve surgical methods.

    Stress Fractures

    • Results from repetitive stress on the bone, leading to incomplete fractures.

    Soft Tissue Injuries

    • Often accompany bone fractures and may lead to long-term complications.

    Shoulder Impingement and Instability

    • Conditions that affect joint function and may require rehabilitation.

    Medial Elbow Pains and Sprains

    • Common injuries impacting elbow functionality.

    Ligamentous Hand Sprains

    • Involve injury to ligaments, potentially requiring physical therapy.

    Tendon Disorders

    • Can arise from overuse or acute injury, often affecting joint mobility.

    Doping

    • Defined as the intake of prohibited substances to enhance athletic performance.

    Complications of Fractures

    • Infections are more likely in open fractures; closed fractures typically have low infection rates.
    • Delayed union and non-union are critical concerns, necessitating potential bone reconstruction.
    • Treatment principles for open fractures include antibiotic prophylaxis, wound debridement, stabilization, and early wound cover.
    • Increased pressure within muscle compartments can lead to severe ischemia and tissue necrosis if not treated promptly.
    • Classic symptoms include pain, paresthesia, pallor, paralysis, and pulselessness.

    Late Complications

    • May include joint stiffness, avascular necrosis, growth disturbances, and malunion of fracture fragments.
    • Heterotopic ossification can occur adjacent to injuries, complicating recovery.

    General Principles of Treatment

    • Open Fractures: Must assume contamination; focus on infection prevention and timely intervention.
    • Closed Fractures: Management involves reduction, stabilization, and exercises to promote healing.

    Fracture Healing

    • Two types: direct union (immobile conditions) and callus formation (stabilizing fragments).
    • Delayed union occurs when fractures do not heal within the expected timeframe, whereas non-union involves a complete cessation of healing efforts.

    Treatment for Non-Union

    • May require bone grafts and careful assessment of overall healing environments to ensure recovery.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the principles of treating fractures, including the importance of immobilization, healing times, and potential complications such as nerve injuries and joint stiffness. It emphasizes the crucial steps of reduction, immobilization, and rehabilitation through exercises.

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