Foundations of Psychology
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Questions and Answers

Which personality type is characterized by competitiveness and urgency, often linked to stress-related health issues?

  • Type A (correct)
  • Type C
  • Type D
  • Type B

    • What is a key argument in the trait vs situation debate?

  • Behaviors are often driven more by situational factors than by inherent traits. (correct)
  • Traits are immutable across different contexts.
  • Personality types are more indicative of behavior than situations.
  • Situations have no significant impact on behavior.

    • Which emotion is linked to a reduction in health, specifically impairing immune function?

  • Anger (correct)
  • Surprise
  • Sadness
  • Happiness

    • Which of the following characteristics best describes Type B personality?

    <p>Relaxed and easy-going</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is a potential consequence of emotional suppression?

    <p>It can be detrimental to health if emotions are bottled up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does psychology primarily study?

    <p>Behavior and mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research type is conducted specifically to solve practical problems?

    <p>Applied research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the founder of modern psychology?

    <p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Gestalt perspective emphasize about perception?

    <p>The whole is greater than the sum of its parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the levels of analysis framework in psychology?

    <p>A comprehensive approach considering nature, nurture, and psychological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the development of functionalism in psychology?

    <p>William James</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes basic research in psychology?

    <p>The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, without immediate application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognition encompass?

    <p>Both conscious and unconscious mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decision-making relies on emotional responses and past experiences?

    <p>Intuitive decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of heuristics in decision-making?

    <p>To simplify complex problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Dual Processing theory, which system is responsible for quick and unconscious thinking?

    <p>System 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive bias refers to the tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs?

    <p>Confirmation bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Alfred Binet's belief regarding intelligence?

    <p>It evolves with age and is a collection of high-level mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the Somatic Marker Hypothesis?

    <p>It links emotions and bodily sensations to decision-making processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant criticism regarding intelligence testing?

    <p>There are debates over measurement methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cognitive biases involves overestimating the likelihood of positive outcomes?

    <p>Unrealistic optimism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does System 2 in Dual Processing theory require from the thinker?

    <p>Time and mental effort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of the hindbrain?

    <p>Controls basic functions like breathing and alertness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sensory neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Relay information from sensory receptors to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are included in the forebrain?

    <p>Hippocampus and Basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

    <p>The body's internal organs and glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the reticular formation?

    <p>Alerts higher brain centers about incoming messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron connects other neurons within the central nervous system?

    <p>Interneurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are glial cells significant to neurons?

    <p>They provide support and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary connection role of motor neurons in the nervous system?

    <p>To transmit signals from the brain to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Flynn effect refer to?

    <p>Improved worldwide IQ test performance over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of health emphasizes the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors?

    <p>Biopsychosocial Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is intelligence quotient (IQ) primarily measured?

    <p>Through a standardized range of cognitive skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key limitation of the WHO definition of health?

    <p>The term 'complete' is problematic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the biomedical model of health?

    <p>Health is defined solely as the absence of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'reductionist' imply in the context of the biomedical model?

    <p>Illness is understood only through cellular and physiological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory, which component is NOT a part of intelligence?

    <p>Emotional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of failing to consider psychological factors in health?

    <p>Misdiagnosis of certain conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does personality reflect according to the provided content?

    <p>Patterns of behavior, thinking, and emotional responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the biopychosocial model?

    <p>Emphasis on the interaction between mind and body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Science of Psychology

    • Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes
    • Behaviour is observable activity
    • Mental processes are not directly observable (e.g. thoughts, feelings)
    • The scientific method is used—objective procedures to understand how people think, act and feel.
    • The steps in the scientific method are observation, hypothesis, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion.
    • The goal of psychology is to describe, understand, explain, predict, control and change behaviour.
    • Psychology is a science involving two types of research: Basic and Applied
    • Basic research is done for knowledge sake - e.g. What factors influence exercise behaviour?
    • Applied research is done to solve practical problems—e.g. use basic scientific knowledge to design intervention programmes
    • Psychology uses a level of analysis framework: Nature, nurture, and psychological factors must be considered for a holistic understanding of behaviour

    Foundations of Psychology

    • Psychology emerged as a science in 1879, with Wilhelm Wundt establishing the first psychology lab in Leipzig.
    • Wundt developed the method of introspection
    • Structuralism proposed that conscious experience can be studied when broken down into its basic underlying elements (Edward Titchener)- what are the components of consciousness.
    • Functionalism was concerned with the function of consciousness (William James)- what is the function of consciousness.
    • Gestalt Perspective views the whole as greater than the sum of its parts (Max Wertheimer)

    Psychology Perspectives

    • Sociocultural perspective (individualism vs collectivism)
    • Psychodynamic perspective (Freud)
    • Humanistic perspective (Carl Rogers)
    • Behavioural perspective (Watson & Skinner)
    • Biological perspective (twin studies)
    • Cognitive perspective (Jean Piaget)

    Brain and Behaviour

    • The Nervous System is the body's control center

    • Neurons send electrical and chemical signals throughout the body.

    • Glial cells support neurons—maintain homeostasis

    • Neural communication involves electrical signal through the neuron, becoming a chemical signal at the synapse, then becoming an electrical signal again, and repeats.

    • There are 3 main types of neurons: sensory, motor, interneurons

    • Two nervous systems:

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): made up of the brain and the spinal cord

    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): includes somatic and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) nervous systems

    • The Brain: Subdivisions:

    • Hindbrain - connects the brain to the spinal cord, controls basic functions (breathing, alertness, motor skills)

    • Forebrain, consists of subcortical structures (thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia) that relate to several functions like the regulation of the body temperature, hunger and thirst, the production of hormones and their release.

    • Cerebral cortex (outer layer) reticular formation is described as the brains gatekeeper

    • The three major subdivisions of the brain are the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

    • The lobes of the brain: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

    • Know the functions and effects of damage to each lobe.

    • Different parts have distinct functions, including but not limited to; movement, thinking, learning, language and vision.

    Learning

    • Learning is relatively enduring change in behaviour resulting from experience.
    • Learning processes—processes through which environmental stimuli and behavioural responses become connected.
    • Types of learning:
    • Nonassociative learning: Responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event
    • Associative learning: Linking two stimuli or events that occur together.
    • Observational learning: Acquiring or changing a behaviour after exposure to another individual performing that behaviour.
    • Behavioural learning theory focuses on measurable behaviours rather than unobservable cognitive processes
    • Behavioural learning theory is interested in how the environment controls behaviour
    • Learning processes include habituation and sensitization
    • Classical conditioning—a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a unconditioned stimulus. (Know Pavlovian experiment). —Know acquisition behaviours and extinction (Acquisition; refers to the period during which a response is being learned; Extinction: when conditioned response no longer occurs when conditioned stimulus is presented.)
    • Applications of classical conditioning—phobias, counterconditioning, VR exposure therapy, aversion therapy, advertising, sickness and health.
    • Operant conditioning—behavior influenced by the consequences that follow (Skinner). — Positive and negative reinforcement (adding something pleasant vs removing something unpleasant.) — Operant extinction—weakening of a specific response because no longer reinforced
    • Reinforcement schedules, learning and extinction (Continuous reinforcement Vs Partial reinforcement) Punishments (positive and negative)
    • Social learning theory proposed that observational learning and imitating others affects learning. (Bandura's Bobo doll experiment).

    Memory

    • Processes allow us to record, store, and later retrieve experiences and information.
    • Case study: Patient H.M.
    • Ebbinghaus observed 3 processes: encoding (information translated), storage (retaining information), and retrieval (access stored information)
    • Multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin), 1968
    • Working memory model is an alternative to STM.
    • Long-term memory: memories that endure for a lifetime.
    • Serial position effect: ability to recall item influenced by its position in a series (primacy and recency effects)
    • Encoding: effortful (conscious attention) vs automatic (without conscious attention).
    • Levels of processing theory: Deeper processing leads to better memory
    • Structural encoding: the way something looks
    • Phonological encoding: the way something sounds
    • Semantic encoding: what something means
    • Mnemonics (tools to aid memory): e.g. acronyms, acrostics, etc.
    • Forgetting: factors influencing forgetting and dementia.
    • Different types of long-term memory (explicit vs implicit; declarative vs procedural).

    Thinking and Intelligence

    • Cognition and logical reasoning
    • Limits of logical reasoning; cognitive biases
    • Intuitive decision making
    • Emotion-based decision making
    • Dual processing theory
    • Debates around intelligence, history of intelligence
    • Conceptualising intelligence (Spearman's 'g', Sternberg's triarchic theory, Gardner's multiple intelligences)
    • Measuring intelligence (e.g., Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - WAIS)
    • Genetic and environmental factors influencing intelligence
    • Predicting irrationality; Heuristics, Cognitive biases (confirmation bias, representativeness bias, availability bias, and unrealistic optimism)

    Health and Illness

    • What is health? (Multi-sided, subjective, adaptable—WHO definition)
    • Biomedical model: health as absence of illness; reductionist
    • Strengths: Advances in healthcare
    • Weaknesses: Doesn't account for broader psycho-social factors
    • Biopsychosocial model: Interactions of biological, psychological, and social factors in health, illness, illness causation, and treatment outcomes.

    Personality and Emotions

    • Personality is relatively enduring patterns of behaviour, ways of thinking and responding emotionally.
    • Personality reflects human variation including genetic and environmental factors.
    • Psychodynamic Perspective (Freud): Personality struggles between instinctual drives and constraints
    • Biological Perspective: Genetic factors impact personality.
    • Humanistic Perspective (Rogers): Self-Concept, self-consistency.
    • Trait theory: Identify and measure basic dimensions of personalities (e.g., Big Five traits).
    • Limitations of Trait theory - Trait vs situation debate
    • Emotions: Important aspect of overall health - affect.
    • Applications to health: Happiness (reduced cholesterol), Anger (impaired immune function).

    Mental Health Disorders

    • Defining abnormal behaviour
    • Classification of psychological disorders (DSM 5, ICD-11, etc)
    • Limitations of these classifications
    • Types of Mental Health Disorders:
    • Mood disorders (unipolar, bipolar)
    • Anxiety disorders (phobia, panic disorder, social anxiety, GAD)
    • Obsessive-Compulsive disorder
    • Schizophrenia
    • eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia, binge eating)

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of psychology, including the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Understand the steps of the scientific method and the types of research conducted in psychology, such as basic and applied research. This quiz will challenge your knowledge and help you grasp the core principles of psychological science.

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