Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which psychological approach emphasizes the study of observable events only?
Which psychological approach emphasizes the study of observable events only?
- Behavioral (correct)
- Humanistic
- Psychoanalytic
- Cognitive
What does the Gestalt perspective primarily focus on in psychology?
What does the Gestalt perspective primarily focus on in psychology?
- The organization of visual perceptions (correct)
- The role of unconscious motives
- The cognitive processes involved in decision making
- The genetic basis of behavior
Which of the following psychological approaches considers the influence of early childhood experiences on personality development?
Which of the following psychological approaches considers the influence of early childhood experiences on personality development?
- Cognitive
- Psychoanalytic (correct)
- Evolutionary
- Biological
Which psychological approach combines biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior?
Which psychological approach combines biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior?
What type of behaviors does the Evolutionary perspective in psychology focus on?
What type of behaviors does the Evolutionary perspective in psychology focus on?
Which psychological approach is concerned with human potential and personal growth?
Which psychological approach is concerned with human potential and personal growth?
What is the primary function of acetylcholine in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of acetylcholine in the nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood regulation and is linked to depression when undersupplied?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood regulation and is linked to depression when undersupplied?
What characterizes an agonist in relation to neurotransmitter action?
What characterizes an agonist in relation to neurotransmitter action?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating movements?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating movements?
What role does the lateral hypothalamus play in the body's appetite control?
What role does the lateral hypothalamus play in the body's appetite control?
Which imaging technology is best for detecting radioactive glucose consumption in the brain?
Which imaging technology is best for detecting radioactive glucose consumption in the brain?
What does neuroplasticity refer to in the context of the nervous system?
What does neuroplasticity refer to in the context of the nervous system?
Which pharmacological effect is associated with cocaine administration?
Which pharmacological effect is associated with cocaine administration?
What is the primary role of the medulla in the brainstem?
What is the primary role of the medulla in the brainstem?
What is the primary focus of applied research?
What is the primary focus of applied research?
Which of the following best describes the Hawthorne effect?
Which of the following best describes the Hawthorne effect?
Which variable is manipulated by researchers in an experiment?
Which variable is manipulated by researchers in an experiment?
What term describes a variable that is not a dependent or independent variable but still affects the outcome?
What term describes a variable that is not a dependent or independent variable but still affects the outcome?
What is the role of the myelin sheath in a neuron?
What is the role of the myelin sheath in a neuron?
In the context of statistics, how is the median defined?
In the context of statistics, how is the median defined?
Which ethical guideline mandates that participants must be informed about the nature of a study before consenting?
Which ethical guideline mandates that participants must be informed about the nature of a study before consenting?
Which stage of sleep is most associated with hallucinations that lack storylines?
Which stage of sleep is most associated with hallucinations that lack storylines?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by brief moments when a person stops breathing during sleep?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by brief moments when a person stops breathing during sleep?
What principle states that the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus?
What principle states that the difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus?
Which concept describes the process of integrating elements to create a configuration that is not merely a collection of parts?
Which concept describes the process of integrating elements to create a configuration that is not merely a collection of parts?
Which depth perception cue involves the eyes rotating inward towards an object as it gets closer?
Which depth perception cue involves the eyes rotating inward towards an object as it gets closer?
What structure of the eye is primarily responsible for changing the focus of light onto the retina?
What structure of the eye is primarily responsible for changing the focus of light onto the retina?
Which process converts light energy into neural impulses in the eye?
Which process converts light energy into neural impulses in the eye?
Which monocular depth cue suggests that objects higher in the visual field are perceived as being further away?
Which monocular depth cue suggests that objects higher in the visual field are perceived as being further away?
Which part of the eye is responsible for detecting color and detail in bright light conditions?
Which part of the eye is responsible for detecting color and detail in bright light conditions?
Which of the following does NOT occur during REM sleep?
Which of the following does NOT occur during REM sleep?
Which theory explains the perception of color as processed through opposing pairs?
Which theory explains the perception of color as processed through opposing pairs?
What is a key function of the cochlea in the auditory system?
What is a key function of the cochlea in the auditory system?
Which type of conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response?
Which type of conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response?
What is the primary characteristic of taste aversion?
What is the primary characteristic of taste aversion?
Which layer of the ear is primarily responsible for conducting sound through the external environment?
Which layer of the ear is primarily responsible for conducting sound through the external environment?
In the context of sensory perception, what is synesthesia?
In the context of sensory perception, what is synesthesia?
What role does the Gate-Control theory of pain suggest?
What role does the Gate-Control theory of pain suggest?
Which aspect of perceptual constancy allows us to perceive an object as the same color despite changes in lighting?
Which aspect of perceptual constancy allows us to perceive an object as the same color despite changes in lighting?
Which psychological approach focuses on the physiological bases of behavior?
Which psychological approach focuses on the physiological bases of behavior?
What does the biopsychosocial approach in psychology combine?
What does the biopsychosocial approach in psychology combine?
Which psychological perspective argues that perception is organized by the mind as a whole?
Which psychological perspective argues that perception is organized by the mind as a whole?
Which approach to psychology primarily studies thoughts, memory, and language?
Which approach to psychology primarily studies thoughts, memory, and language?
What is the main premise of the psychoanalytic approach in psychology?
What is the main premise of the psychoanalytic approach in psychology?
Which psychological perspective focuses on the role of natural selection in shaping behaviors?
Which psychological perspective focuses on the role of natural selection in shaping behaviors?
What is the purpose of operational definitions in research?
What is the purpose of operational definitions in research?
In correlational research, what does a correlation coefficient of r = +0.86 indicate?
In correlational research, what does a correlation coefficient of r = +0.86 indicate?
Which ethical guideline ensures that researchers consider the well-being of human participants?
Which ethical guideline ensures that researchers consider the well-being of human participants?
Which method allows researchers to compare the same individuals over time?
Which method allows researchers to compare the same individuals over time?
What distinguishes the control group in an experiment?
What distinguishes the control group in an experiment?
What is the main function of interneurons in the nervous system?
What is the main function of interneurons in the nervous system?
What effect does the Hawthorne effect describe in psychological research?
What effect does the Hawthorne effect describe in psychological research?
Which of the following best describes the role of the iris in the eye?
Which of the following best describes the role of the iris in the eye?
Which stage of sleep is most likely to involve sleepwalking?
Which stage of sleep is most likely to involve sleepwalking?
How does the concept of sensory adaptation affect perception?
How does the concept of sensory adaptation affect perception?
Which principle states that the absolute threshold can be influenced by external factors?
Which principle states that the absolute threshold can be influenced by external factors?
What is the primary function of rods in the human eye?
What is the primary function of rods in the human eye?
Which depth perception cue involves two eyes converging as an object gets closer?
Which depth perception cue involves two eyes converging as an object gets closer?
What process explains the perception of incomplete forms as complete?
What process explains the perception of incomplete forms as complete?
Which of the following statements is true about the opponent-process theory?
Which of the following statements is true about the opponent-process theory?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by the inability to fall or stay asleep?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by the inability to fall or stay asleep?
How does GABA function in the nervous system?
How does GABA function in the nervous system?
What is the main purpose of phototransduction in the retina?
What is the main purpose of phototransduction in the retina?
What does the term 'color constancy' refer to in perception?
What does the term 'color constancy' refer to in perception?
Which type of hearing loss is characterized by damage to the cochlea or hair cells?
Which type of hearing loss is characterized by damage to the cochlea or hair cells?
How does Weber's law influence our perception of stimuli?
How does Weber's law influence our perception of stimuli?
Which statement about dopamine is accurate?
Which statement about dopamine is accurate?
What aspect of operant conditioning is determined by whether a behavior is reinforced or punished?
What aspect of operant conditioning is determined by whether a behavior is reinforced or punished?
What effect does the stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus have on appetite?
What effect does the stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus have on appetite?
In Pavlov's experiment, what does the bell represent after conditioning?
In Pavlov's experiment, what does the bell represent after conditioning?
Which type of brain imaging technique provides real-time measurements of brain activity?
Which type of brain imaging technique provides real-time measurements of brain activity?
Which theory proposes that the perceived pitch of sound is related to the frequency of neural impulses?
Which theory proposes that the perceived pitch of sound is related to the frequency of neural impulses?
What characterizes split-brain patients in neurological studies?
What characterizes split-brain patients in neurological studies?
What psychological phenomenon does taste aversion illustrate in classical conditioning?
What psychological phenomenon does taste aversion illustrate in classical conditioning?
Which neurotransmitter is directly linked to the perception of pain?
Which neurotransmitter is directly linked to the perception of pain?
What does neuroplasticity enable the nervous system to do?
What does neuroplasticity enable the nervous system to do?
Which of the following best describes synesthesia?
Which of the following best describes synesthesia?
How do agonists affect neurotransmitter action?
How do agonists affect neurotransmitter action?
Which role does the reticular formation play in brain function?
Which role does the reticular formation play in brain function?
Which psychological perspective emphasizes understanding behavior through the examination of bodily structures and biochemical processes?
Which psychological perspective emphasizes understanding behavior through the examination of bodily structures and biochemical processes?
What is the primary focus of the cognitive approach in psychology?
What is the primary focus of the cognitive approach in psychology?
Which psychological approach integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding human behavior?
Which psychological approach integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding human behavior?
Which psychological perspective is primarily concerned with the potential for personal growth and achieving full potential?
Which psychological perspective is primarily concerned with the potential for personal growth and achieving full potential?
In the context of the psychodynamic approach, what aspect significantly shapes personality development?
In the context of the psychodynamic approach, what aspect significantly shapes personality development?
Which psychological approach is characterized by its focus on how perception is organized and interpreted by the mind as a whole?
Which psychological approach is characterized by its focus on how perception is organized and interpreted by the mind as a whole?
Which of the following best describes the role of the placebo effect in experimental research?
Which of the following best describes the role of the placebo effect in experimental research?
What distinguishes correlational research from experimental research?
What distinguishes correlational research from experimental research?
What is the primary function of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in psychological research?
What is the primary function of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in psychological research?
Which of the following methods is typically used in longitudinal studies?
Which of the following methods is typically used in longitudinal studies?
What is a confounding variable in the context of experimental research?
What is a confounding variable in the context of experimental research?
How does random sampling improve the validity of research findings?
How does random sampling improve the validity of research findings?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with enabling muscle memory and action, and is known to deteriorate in individuals with Alzheimer's disease?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with enabling muscle memory and action, and is known to deteriorate in individuals with Alzheimer's disease?
What is the primary effect of excess glutamate in the brain?
What is the primary effect of excess glutamate in the brain?
What does the term 'tolerance' refer to in the context of drug use?
What does the term 'tolerance' refer to in the context of drug use?
In the context of the brain's structure, what is the function of the corpus callosum?
In the context of the brain's structure, what is the function of the corpus callosum?
What is the primary function of the reticular formation?
What is the primary function of the reticular formation?
Which region of the brain is primarily involved in the processing of declarative memories for long-term storage?
Which region of the brain is primarily involved in the processing of declarative memories for long-term storage?
What are the effects of an antagonist drug in relation to neurotransmitter action?
What are the effects of an antagonist drug in relation to neurotransmitter action?
Which part of the brain is responsible for processing auditory stimuli?
Which part of the brain is responsible for processing auditory stimuli?
What is the role of the medulla within the brainstem?
What is the role of the medulla within the brainstem?
Which stage of sleep is primarily associated with night terrors and sleepwalking?
Which stage of sleep is primarily associated with night terrors and sleepwalking?
What does the absolute threshold refer to in sensation?
What does the absolute threshold refer to in sensation?
Which of the following best describes Weber's law?
Which of the following best describes Weber's law?
What principle explains how we perceive incomplete shapes as complete?
What principle explains how we perceive incomplete shapes as complete?
What does the process of transduction refer to in sensory perception?
What does the process of transduction refer to in sensory perception?
In terms of depth perception, what does 'retinal disparity' involve?
In terms of depth perception, what does 'retinal disparity' involve?
What type of depth cue is described by the perception that distant parallel lines converge?
What type of depth cue is described by the perception that distant parallel lines converge?
Which statement accurately describes night terrors?
Which statement accurately describes night terrors?
What term describes the process of simultaneously processing multiple aspects of visual stimuli?
What term describes the process of simultaneously processing multiple aspects of visual stimuli?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory?
What is the main principle behind the frequency theory of pitch perception?
What is the main principle behind the frequency theory of pitch perception?
In classical conditioning, what does spontaneous recovery represent?
In classical conditioning, what does spontaneous recovery represent?
What is the significance of acquisition in the context of classical conditioning?
What is the significance of acquisition in the context of classical conditioning?
Which type of hearing loss is characterized by damage to the inner ear structures?
Which type of hearing loss is characterized by damage to the inner ear structures?
What defines taste aversion in the context of classical conditioning?
What defines taste aversion in the context of classical conditioning?
How does sensory interaction affect the perception of taste?
How does sensory interaction affect the perception of taste?
Which psychological approach emphasizes that behavior is best understood through visible actions and measurable outcomes?
Which psychological approach emphasizes that behavior is best understood through visible actions and measurable outcomes?
What underlying concept distinguishes the evolutionary approach from other psychological perspectives?
What underlying concept distinguishes the evolutionary approach from other psychological perspectives?
In which psychological approach is the primary belief that humans are inherently driven to reach their full potential?
In which psychological approach is the primary belief that humans are inherently driven to reach their full potential?
Which psychological approach integrates biological, psychological, and social aspects to understand behavior?
Which psychological approach integrates biological, psychological, and social aspects to understand behavior?
What primary factor does the psychoanalytic approach emphasize as significant in shaping an individual's personality?
What primary factor does the psychoanalytic approach emphasize as significant in shaping an individual's personality?
The cognitive approach primarily investigates which of the following areas in psychology?
The cognitive approach primarily investigates which of the following areas in psychology?
What differentiates longitudinal studies from cross-sectional studies?
What differentiates longitudinal studies from cross-sectional studies?
What does the Random Assignment process in experiments help to reduce?
What does the Random Assignment process in experiments help to reduce?
Which of the following best describes the concept of the placebo effect?
Which of the following best describes the concept of the placebo effect?
How does the double-blind procedure enhance the validity of an experiment?
How does the double-blind procedure enhance the validity of an experiment?
What critical role do operational definitions play in research?
What critical role do operational definitions play in research?
Which ethical guideline emphasizes the necessity of obtaining informed consent from research participants?
Which ethical guideline emphasizes the necessity of obtaining informed consent from research participants?
What does a correlation coefficient of $r = -0.75$ indicate about the relationship between two variables?
What does a correlation coefficient of $r = -0.75$ indicate about the relationship between two variables?
Which stage of sleep is primarily associated with deep sleep and occurrences such as night terrors?
Which stage of sleep is primarily associated with deep sleep and occurrences such as night terrors?
What is the primary function of the optic nerve in the visual system?
What is the primary function of the optic nerve in the visual system?
Which principle states that the smallest amount of difference needed to notice a change in stimulus is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus?
Which principle states that the smallest amount of difference needed to notice a change in stimulus is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus?
Which of the following monocular depth cues indicates that objects which block others are perceived as being closer?
Which of the following monocular depth cues indicates that objects which block others are perceived as being closer?
What is the phenomenon where the brain fills in visual gaps, such as in the blind spot of the eye?
What is the phenomenon where the brain fills in visual gaps, such as in the blind spot of the eye?
Which type of receptor cells in the retina is responsible for detecting brightness and performs better in low light conditions?
Which type of receptor cells in the retina is responsible for detecting brightness and performs better in low light conditions?
Which cue of depth perception involves both eyes converging on a close object, creating a larger angle?
Which cue of depth perception involves both eyes converging on a close object, creating a larger angle?
Which of the following sleep disorders involves uncontrollable daytime sleep attacks?
Which of the following sleep disorders involves uncontrollable daytime sleep attacks?
What is the process of changing a sensory stimulus into an electrical signal that can be understood by the nervous system?
What is the process of changing a sensory stimulus into an electrical signal that can be understood by the nervous system?
What is the primary difference between sensation and perception?
What is the primary difference between sensation and perception?
What is the role of GABA in the nervous system?
What is the role of GABA in the nervous system?
Which neurotransmitter has a strong association with the regulation of mood and is linked to depressive disorders when undersupplied?
Which neurotransmitter has a strong association with the regulation of mood and is linked to depressive disorders when undersupplied?
What is the function of an antagonist in neurotransmission?
What is the function of an antagonist in neurotransmission?
What primary function does the thalamus serve in the brain?
What primary function does the thalamus serve in the brain?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for processing and storing long-term declarative memory?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for processing and storing long-term declarative memory?
Which imaging technique allows researchers to observe brain activity by measuring changes in blood flow?
Which imaging technique allows researchers to observe brain activity by measuring changes in blood flow?
How does neuroplasticity influence the nervous system?
How does neuroplasticity influence the nervous system?
What effect does an agonist have when interacting with neurotransmitter receptors?
What effect does an agonist have when interacting with neurotransmitter receptors?
Which function is primarily associated with the cerebellum in the brain?
Which function is primarily associated with the cerebellum in the brain?
What is the distinguishing feature of the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory?
What is the distinguishing feature of the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory?
What serves as a major difference between conduction and sensorineural hearing loss?
What serves as a major difference between conduction and sensorineural hearing loss?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of the semicircular canals in the inner ear?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of the semicircular canals in the inner ear?
What phenomenon occurs when a previously extinguished conditioned response reappears after a delay?
What phenomenon occurs when a previously extinguished conditioned response reappears after a delay?
Which aspect of perceptual constancy allows an observer to identify an object as the same shape despite changes in its angle of view?
Which aspect of perceptual constancy allows an observer to identify an object as the same shape despite changes in its angle of view?
What best characterizes the role of olfaction in the experience of taste?
What best characterizes the role of olfaction in the experience of taste?
How does the frequency theory explain the perception of pitch in hearing?
How does the frequency theory explain the perception of pitch in hearing?
What type of condition is taste aversion primarily associated with?
What type of condition is taste aversion primarily associated with?
Which psychological approach emphasizes the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior?
Which psychological approach emphasizes the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior?
What is the primary focus of the cognitive psychological approach?
What is the primary focus of the cognitive psychological approach?
In which psychological perspective is the belief that the brain organizes visual perceptions as a whole?
In which psychological perspective is the belief that the brain organizes visual perceptions as a whole?
Which psychological approach would most likely study the effects of early childhood experiences on adult behavior?
Which psychological approach would most likely study the effects of early childhood experiences on adult behavior?
What role does the evolutionary perspective primarily focus on in psychology?
What role does the evolutionary perspective primarily focus on in psychology?
Which psychological approach asserts that personal growth and reaching full potential are central concepts?
Which psychological approach asserts that personal growth and reaching full potential are central concepts?
What is the primary distinction between basic research and applied research?
What is the primary distinction between basic research and applied research?
What best describes the role of operational definitions in research?
What best describes the role of operational definitions in research?
In correlational research, what implication does a correlation coefficient of r = -0.76 have?
In correlational research, what implication does a correlation coefficient of r = -0.76 have?
What is the primary function of dopamine in the brain?
What is the primary function of dopamine in the brain?
What is the main purpose of conducting a double-blind procedure in experiments?
What is the main purpose of conducting a double-blind procedure in experiments?
Which part of the brain is specifically involved in processing declarative memory for long-term storage?
Which part of the brain is specifically involved in processing declarative memory for long-term storage?
What is an extraneous variable, and how does it impact research outcomes?
What is an extraneous variable, and how does it impact research outcomes?
Which ethical guideline is NOT typically emphasized when researchers conduct studies involving human participants?
Which ethical guideline is NOT typically emphasized when researchers conduct studies involving human participants?
Which chemical behavior characterizes an antagonist?
Which chemical behavior characterizes an antagonist?
What effect does GABA have on neural activity?
What effect does GABA have on neural activity?
What specifically does the term 'refraction' refer to in the context of neurons?
What specifically does the term 'refraction' refer to in the context of neurons?
Which imaging technique provides a structural view of the brain using X-ray photographs?
Which imaging technique provides a structural view of the brain using X-ray photographs?
What does the process of neuroplasticity allow the nervous system to do?
What does the process of neuroplasticity allow the nervous system to do?
Which part of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for auditory processing?
Which part of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for auditory processing?
What is the potential consequence of an oversupply of glutamate in the brain?
What is the potential consequence of an oversupply of glutamate in the brain?
What are the characteristics of split-brain patients?
What are the characteristics of split-brain patients?
What phenomenon occurs predominantly during NREM-3 sleep stages?
What phenomenon occurs predominantly during NREM-3 sleep stages?
Which principle states that external factors can influence the threshold for detecting stimuli?
Which principle states that external factors can influence the threshold for detecting stimuli?
What is the primary role of cones in the retina?
What is the primary role of cones in the retina?
Which monocular depth cue is illustrated when one object partially blocks the view of another?
Which monocular depth cue is illustrated when one object partially blocks the view of another?
What type of processing involves recognizing and interpreting stimuli based on prior knowledge?
What type of processing involves recognizing and interpreting stimuli based on prior knowledge?
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of depth perception?
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of depth perception?
What is the process called whereby sensory stimuli are converted into electrical signals?
What is the process called whereby sensory stimuli are converted into electrical signals?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks typically occurring during the day?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks typically occurring during the day?
Which Gestalt principle involves grouping elements that are similar in appearance?
Which Gestalt principle involves grouping elements that are similar in appearance?
What is the function of the optic nerve in the visual system?
What is the function of the optic nerve in the visual system?
What does the concept of color constancy refer to?
What does the concept of color constancy refer to?
Which structure in the ear is primarily responsible for converting sound waves into neural impulses?
Which structure in the ear is primarily responsible for converting sound waves into neural impulses?
How does spontaneous recovery manifest in the context of classical conditioning?
How does spontaneous recovery manifest in the context of classical conditioning?
What is the primary difference between conduction hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss?
What is the primary difference between conduction hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss?
What is the role of hair cells in the cochlea?
What is the role of hair cells in the cochlea?
In terms of taste perception, which of the following correctly identifies the basic taste types?
In terms of taste perception, which of the following correctly identifies the basic taste types?
How does the Gate-Control theory explain the experience of pain?
How does the Gate-Control theory explain the experience of pain?
Which best describes the phenomenon of synesthesia?
Which best describes the phenomenon of synesthesia?
Which psychological approach primarily focuses on how cultural and environmental factors influence behavior?
Which psychological approach primarily focuses on how cultural and environmental factors influence behavior?
In psychology, what is emphasized as best understood by examining physiological structures and processes?
In psychology, what is emphasized as best understood by examining physiological structures and processes?
Which psychological approach asserts that behavior is shaped largely by unconscious motives and childhood experiences?
Which psychological approach asserts that behavior is shaped largely by unconscious motives and childhood experiences?
What psychological approach prioritizes observable events rather than internal mental states?
What psychological approach prioritizes observable events rather than internal mental states?
Which psychological approach explains behavior in terms of natural selection and reproductive success?
Which psychological approach explains behavior in terms of natural selection and reproductive success?
What is the core premise of the humanistic approach in psychology?
What is the core premise of the humanistic approach in psychology?
What is the purpose of correlational research in psychology?
What is the purpose of correlational research in psychology?
Which of the following statements correctly describes random assignment in experimental research?
Which of the following statements correctly describes random assignment in experimental research?
What is one of the key functions of the placebo effect in experimental studies?
What is one of the key functions of the placebo effect in experimental studies?
What is the role of operational definitions in psychological research?
What is the role of operational definitions in psychological research?
In the context of statistical measures, which statement regarding standard deviation is true?
In the context of statistical measures, which statement regarding standard deviation is true?
Which ethical guideline emphasizes the necessity of informed consent in psychological research?
Which ethical guideline emphasizes the necessity of informed consent in psychological research?
What distinguishes longitudinal studies from cross-sectional studies?
What distinguishes longitudinal studies from cross-sectional studies?
What is the primary effect of an antagonist on neurotransmitter activity?
What is the primary effect of an antagonist on neurotransmitter activity?
How does dopamine display its behavioral influence in the brain?
How does dopamine display its behavioral influence in the brain?
Which structure in the limbic system plays a crucial role in processing memories for long-term storage?
Which structure in the limbic system plays a crucial role in processing memories for long-term storage?
What is the primary function of GABA in the brain?
What is the primary function of GABA in the brain?
What significant impact does the medulla have on vital bodily functions?
What significant impact does the medulla have on vital bodily functions?
What is the primary effect of neuroplasticity on the nervous system?
What is the primary effect of neuroplasticity on the nervous system?
Which brain imaging technique is specifically used to measure brain electrical activity?
Which brain imaging technique is specifically used to measure brain electrical activity?
What is a common consequence of an undersupply of serotonin?
What is a common consequence of an undersupply of serotonin?
What effect does ecstasy have on serotonin levels in the brain?
What effect does ecstasy have on serotonin levels in the brain?
Which stage of sleep is primarily associated with dream experiences and sleep paralysis?
Which stage of sleep is primarily associated with dream experiences and sleep paralysis?
What is the role of Weber’s law in sensory perception?
What is the role of Weber’s law in sensory perception?
Which monocular depth cue would cause a viewer to perceive a distant object as smaller than a closer object of the same size?
Which monocular depth cue would cause a viewer to perceive a distant object as smaller than a closer object of the same size?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by uncontrollable daytime sleep episodes?
Which sleep disorder is characterized by uncontrollable daytime sleep episodes?
Which principle explains the phenomenon where responsiveness of sensory receptors diminishes after prolonged exposure?
Which principle explains the phenomenon where responsiveness of sensory receptors diminishes after prolonged exposure?
What is characterized by intense emotional reactions and occurs primarily in children during sleep?
What is characterized by intense emotional reactions and occurs primarily in children during sleep?
Which gestalt principle involves perceiving incomplete figures as complete?
Which gestalt principle involves perceiving incomplete figures as complete?
Which part of the eye is responsible for converting light energy into neural impulses?
Which part of the eye is responsible for converting light energy into neural impulses?
What process involves the brain analyzing different aspects of a visual scene simultaneously?
What process involves the brain analyzing different aspects of a visual scene simultaneously?
Which visual cue requires information from both eyes to determine depth?
Which visual cue requires information from both eyes to determine depth?
What is the primary mechanism by which colors are perceived according to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory?
What is the primary mechanism by which colors are perceived according to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory?
Which condition is characterized by the inability to distinguish between certain colors, often affecting red and green cones?
Which condition is characterized by the inability to distinguish between certain colors, often affecting red and green cones?
In terms of auditory perception, what does amplitude primarily determine?
In terms of auditory perception, what does amplitude primarily determine?
What type of hearing loss is associated with damage to the structures of the cochlea?
What type of hearing loss is associated with damage to the structures of the cochlea?
Which part of the ear plays a crucial role in maintaining balance?
Which part of the ear plays a crucial role in maintaining balance?
Which concept describes the phenomenon where one sense can trigger the perception of another sense?
Which concept describes the phenomenon where one sense can trigger the perception of another sense?
What defines taste aversion in classical conditioning?
What defines taste aversion in classical conditioning?
What is the role of the Gate-control theory in pain perception?
What is the role of the Gate-control theory in pain perception?
What is the main focus of positive reinforcement in behavior modification?
What is the main focus of positive reinforcement in behavior modification?
Which type of reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses?
Which type of reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses?
What defines observational learning in a psychological context?
What defines observational learning in a psychological context?
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
What does continuous reinforcement entail in behavior reinforcement?
What does continuous reinforcement entail in behavior reinforcement?
What role do hair cells play in the inner ear?
What role do hair cells play in the inner ear?
In classical conditioning, what refers to a stimulus that does not trigger any response initially?
In classical conditioning, what refers to a stimulus that does not trigger any response initially?
Which type of color blindness primarily affects the ability to see red and green hues?
Which type of color blindness primarily affects the ability to see red and green hues?
What phenomenon describes the perception of an object's color remaining consistent under different lighting conditions?
What phenomenon describes the perception of an object's color remaining consistent under different lighting conditions?
What is the primary reason for taste aversion to develop?
What is the primary reason for taste aversion to develop?
What is the main function of the semicircular canals in the inner ear?
What is the main function of the semicircular canals in the inner ear?
Which principle states that the perception of different pitches is related to the speed of neural impulses?
Which principle states that the perception of different pitches is related to the speed of neural impulses?
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
Which type of hearing loss is caused by damage to the cochlea or hair cells in the inner ear?
Which type of hearing loss is caused by damage to the cochlea or hair cells in the inner ear?
What type of operant conditioning occurs when a behavior is followed by a consequence that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated?
What type of operant conditioning occurs when a behavior is followed by a consequence that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated?
What characterizes the NREM-3 stage of sleep?
What characterizes the NREM-3 stage of sleep?
Which sleep disorder involves difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep?
Which sleep disorder involves difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep?
Which principle relates to the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli?
Which principle relates to the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli?
What term describes the process where sensory stimuli are converted into electrical signals?
What term describes the process where sensory stimuli are converted into electrical signals?
What does the Gestalt principle of proximity refer to?
What does the Gestalt principle of proximity refer to?
Which monocular depth cue is indicated when one object obstructs the view of another?
Which monocular depth cue is indicated when one object obstructs the view of another?
What is the primary function of the cornea in the eye?
What is the primary function of the cornea in the eye?
What occurs during the REM stage of sleep?
What occurs during the REM stage of sleep?
What is the role of rods in the retina?
What is the role of rods in the retina?
Which aspect does Weber's law address?
Which aspect does Weber's law address?
What is the main function of the amygdala in the limbic system?
What is the main function of the amygdala in the limbic system?
What is meant by the term visual acuity?
What is meant by the term visual acuity?
Which depth perception cue uses the rotation of the eyes to determine how close an object is?
Which depth perception cue uses the rotation of the eyes to determine how close an object is?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for enabling muscle action, learning, and memory?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for enabling muscle action, learning, and memory?
What occurs during sensory adaptation?
What occurs during sensory adaptation?
What effect does an antagonist have on neurotransmitter action?
What effect does an antagonist have on neurotransmitter action?
What characterizes the function of GABA in the nervous system?
What characterizes the function of GABA in the nervous system?
Which part of the eye is responsible for sending visual messages to the brain?
Which part of the eye is responsible for sending visual messages to the brain?
Which part of the brain is involved in higher-level thinking such as problem-solving and planning?
Which part of the brain is involved in higher-level thinking such as problem-solving and planning?
Which imaging tool primarily detects brain electrical activity through sensors placed on the skull?
Which imaging tool primarily detects brain electrical activity through sensors placed on the skull?
Which neurotransmitter's excess is linked to schizophrenia?
Which neurotransmitter's excess is linked to schizophrenia?
In the context of drug classification, what is a common effect of stimulants?
In the context of drug classification, what is a common effect of stimulants?
What is the key role of the hippocampus in memory?
What is the key role of the hippocampus in memory?
What does the term neuroplasticity refer to?
What does the term neuroplasticity refer to?
Which structure in the brain connects the two hemispheres?
Which structure in the brain connects the two hemispheres?
What is the primary function of serotonin in the brain?
What is the primary function of serotonin in the brain?
What defines the circadian rhythm?
What defines the circadian rhythm?
Which drug is classified as a depressant and is linked to addiction through its continuous use?
Which drug is classified as a depressant and is linked to addiction through its continuous use?
What type of memory is characterized by the retention of learned skills and classically conditioned associations?
What type of memory is characterized by the retention of learned skills and classically conditioned associations?
Which memory effect describes the tendency to recall the first and last items of a list best?
Which memory effect describes the tendency to recall the first and last items of a list best?
What does the testing effect illustrate about the process of taking tests?
What does the testing effect illustrate about the process of taking tests?
What type of memory interference occurs when old information disrupts the recall of new information?
What type of memory interference occurs when old information disrupts the recall of new information?
In which type of memory does one recall personal experiences and events?
In which type of memory does one recall personal experiences and events?
What is defined as a vivid, enduring memory of a significant emotional event?
What is defined as a vivid, enduring memory of a significant emotional event?
What cognitive process involves estimating the likelihood of events based on how readily they come to mind?
What cognitive process involves estimating the likelihood of events based on how readily they come to mind?
Which type of test is designed to measure a person's current knowledge and mastery of a subject?
Which type of test is designed to measure a person's current knowledge and mastery of a subject?
What phenomenon describes the tendency to recall memories that align with one's current mood?
What phenomenon describes the tendency to recall memories that align with one's current mood?
What is the primary difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
What is the primary difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
What type of research focuses on solving real-world problems?
What type of research focuses on solving real-world problems?
Which of the following accurately defines a correlational study?
Which of the following accurately defines a correlational study?
What is the role of the control group in an experiment?
What is the role of the control group in an experiment?
What is an important aspect of random sampling in research?
What is an important aspect of random sampling in research?
What is an operational definition in the context of research?
What is an operational definition in the context of research?
In the context of neuron function, what is the primary role of the axon?
In the context of neuron function, what is the primary role of the axon?
What does the term 'synapse' refer to in neuroscience?
What does the term 'synapse' refer to in neuroscience?
Which statistical measure represents the most frequently occurring score in a data set?
Which statistical measure represents the most frequently occurring score in a data set?
What defines a longitudinal study in psychological research?
What defines a longitudinal study in psychological research?
What is one ethical guideline researchers must follow regarding human participants?
What is one ethical guideline researchers must follow regarding human participants?
What does a correlation coefficient of r = -0.86 indicate about a relationship between two variables?
What does a correlation coefficient of r = -0.86 indicate about a relationship between two variables?
What is the function of an interneuron within the nervous system?
What is the function of an interneuron within the nervous system?
Which of the following describes the role of the myelin sheath in neural transmission?
Which of the following describes the role of the myelin sheath in neural transmission?
Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of the unconscious in shaping personality?
Which psychological approach emphasizes the importance of the unconscious in shaping personality?
What does the biological perspective in psychology primarily investigate?
What does the biological perspective in psychology primarily investigate?
Which psychological approach would most likely study how cultural background influences behavior?
Which psychological approach would most likely study how cultural background influences behavior?
What is a fundamental characteristic of the cognitive perspective in psychology?
What is a fundamental characteristic of the cognitive perspective in psychology?
Which approach integrates elements of biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior?
Which approach integrates elements of biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior?
Flashcards
Psychology definition
Psychology definition
The scientific study of the mind and behavior.
Behavioral perspective
Behavioral perspective
Only observable events can be studied.
Gestalt perspective
Gestalt perspective
Visual perceptions are organized by the mind as a whole.
Psychoanalytic perspective
Psychoanalytic perspective
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Humanistic perspective
Humanistic perspective
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Biological perspective
Biological perspective
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Applied Research
Applied Research
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Experimental Method
Experimental Method
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Independent Variable
Independent Variable
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Random Assignment
Random Assignment
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Neuron
Neuron
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Correlation Coefficient (r)
Correlation Coefficient (r)
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Synaptic Gap
Synaptic Gap
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine (Ach)
Acetylcholine (Ach)
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Dopamine
Dopamine
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Serotonin
Serotonin
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Agonist
Agonist
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Antagonist
Antagonist
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Brainstem
Brainstem
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Limbic System
Limbic System
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Trichromatic Theory
Trichromatic Theory
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Opponent-Process Theory
Opponent-Process Theory
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Color Constancy
Color Constancy
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How do the ears hear?
How do the ears hear?
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Frequency Theory
Frequency Theory
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Conduction Hearing Loss
Conduction Hearing Loss
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Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
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Olfaction
Olfaction
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NREM-1
NREM-1
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NREM-2
NREM-2
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NREM-3
NREM-3
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REM
REM
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Insomnia
Insomnia
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Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy
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Sleep Apnea
Sleep Apnea
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Absolute Threshold
Absolute Threshold
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Difference Threshold
Difference Threshold
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Weber's Law
Weber's Law
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What is psychology?
What is psychology?
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Behavior
Behavior
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Cognitive Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
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Evolutionary Perspective
Evolutionary Perspective
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Sociocultural Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
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What is a hypothesis?
What is a hypothesis?
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What is an independent variable?
What is an independent variable?
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What is a dependent variable?
What is a dependent variable?
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What are extraneous variables?
What are extraneous variables?
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What is random assignment?
What is random assignment?
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What is the Hawthorne effect?
What is the Hawthorne effect?
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What is a placebo effect?
What is a placebo effect?
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What is REM sleep?
What is REM sleep?
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What are hypnagogic sensations?
What are hypnagogic sensations?
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What is NREM-3?
What is NREM-3?
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What is sleep apnea?
What is sleep apnea?
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What is the absolute threshold?
What is the absolute threshold?
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What is the difference threshold?
What is the difference threshold?
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What is Weber's Law?
What is Weber's Law?
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What is transduction?
What is transduction?
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What is bottom-up processing?
What is bottom-up processing?
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What is top-down processing?
What is top-down processing?
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What are the tiny bones in the middle ear that transmit sound?
What are the tiny bones in the middle ear that transmit sound?
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What is the function of the cochlea?
What is the function of the cochlea?
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What is Frequency in sound?
What is Frequency in sound?
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What is Amplitude in sound?
What is Amplitude in sound?
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What is Olfaction?
What is Olfaction?
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What is behavior?
What is behavior?
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What are the contemporary approaches in psychology?
What are the contemporary approaches in psychology?
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What are the methods used in psychological research?
What are the methods used in psychological research?
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What are the key contributors to psychology?
What are the key contributors to psychology?
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What is Psychometrics?
What is Psychometrics?
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What is a Case Study?
What is a Case Study?
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What is Naturalistic Observation?
What is Naturalistic Observation?
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What is a Survey?
What is a Survey?
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What is Correlational Research?
What is Correlational Research?
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What is an Experiment?
What is an Experiment?
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What are the stages of the sleep cycle?
What are the stages of the sleep cycle?
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What is the difference between nightmares and night terrors?
What is the difference between nightmares and night terrors?
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What are the major sleep disorders?
What are the major sleep disorders?
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What is sensation?
What is sensation?
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What is perception?
What is perception?
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What is auditory transduction?
What is auditory transduction?
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What are hair cells?
What are hair cells?
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What is taste aversion?
What is taste aversion?
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What is synesthesia?
What is synesthesia?
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What is the experimental method?
What is the experimental method?
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What are the essential components of an experiment?
What are the essential components of an experiment?
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Why is random assignment important?
Why is random assignment important?
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What is a correlation coefficient?
What is a correlation coefficient?
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What are ethical guidelines in research?
What are ethical guidelines in research?
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What are the types of neurons?
What are the types of neurons?
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What are the parts of a neuron and their functions?
What are the parts of a neuron and their functions?
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What is the function of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup?
What is the function of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup?
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What is the role of the cochlea?
What is the role of the cochlea?
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Acquisition
Acquisition
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What is the difference between conduction hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss?
What is the difference between conduction hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss?
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NREM-1 Sleep
NREM-1 Sleep
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NREM-2 Sleep
NREM-2 Sleep
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NREM-3 Sleep
NREM-3 Sleep
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REM Sleep
REM Sleep
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What are the core goals of psychology?
What are the core goals of psychology?
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What is the difference between behavior and mental processes?
What is the difference between behavior and mental processes?
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What are the contemporary psychological approaches?
What are the contemporary psychological approaches?
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Experimental Group
Experimental Group
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Control Group
Control Group
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Correlation
Correlation
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Standard deviation
Standard deviation
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What is color constancy?
What is color constancy?
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What is the function of the pinna?
What is the function of the pinna?
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What are the three tiny bones in the middle ear?
What are the three tiny bones in the middle ear?
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Sleep Cycle Stages
Sleep Cycle Stages
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REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement)
REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement)
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Sensation
Sensation
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Perception
Perception
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Difference Threshold (Just Noticeable Difference)
Difference Threshold (Just Noticeable Difference)
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Observable Events
Observable Events
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Unconscious Thoughts
Unconscious Thoughts
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Full Potential
Full Potential
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Natural Selection
Natural Selection
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Physiological Basis
Physiological Basis
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Correlational Research
Correlational Research
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What is a synapse?
What is a synapse?
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What are neurotransmitters?
What are neurotransmitters?
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What is an agonist?
What is an agonist?
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What is an antagonist?
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What does the brainstem do?
What does the brainstem do?
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What is the limbic system?
What is the limbic system?
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Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
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What are the structures and functions of the ear?
What are the structures and functions of the ear?
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Acoustical transduction
Acoustical transduction
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Hypnagogic Sensations
Hypnagogic Sensations
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Paradoxical Sleep
Paradoxical Sleep
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What causes sleepwalking?
What causes sleepwalking?
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What are night terrors?
What are night terrors?
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Difference Threshold (JND)
Difference Threshold (JND)
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Sensory Adaptation
Sensory Adaptation
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Transduction
Transduction
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Bottom-Up Processing
Bottom-Up Processing
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Basic Research
Basic Research
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What is a neuron?
What is a neuron?
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Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
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Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
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Positive Punishment
Positive Punishment
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Negative Punishment
Negative Punishment
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Continuous Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
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Top-down Processing
Top-down Processing
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Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
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GABA
GABA
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Glutamate
Glutamate
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Endorphins
Endorphins
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Medulla
Medulla
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Pons
Pons
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Reticular Formation
Reticular Formation
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What are the three bones in the middle ear?
What are the three bones in the middle ear?
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What is the cochlea?
What is the cochlea?
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Frequency in sound
Frequency in sound
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Amplitude in sound
Amplitude in sound
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Sensory Memory
Sensory Memory
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Iconic Memory
Iconic Memory
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Echoic Memory
Echoic Memory
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Explicit Memory
Explicit Memory
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Semantic Memory
Semantic Memory
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Episodic Memory
Episodic Memory
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Implicit Memory
Implicit Memory
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Procedural Memory
Procedural Memory
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Spacing Effect
Spacing Effect
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Testing Effect
Testing Effect
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Study Notes
Scientific Foundations of Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
- Behavior encompasses anything an organism does.
Contemporary Psychological Approaches
- Behavioral: Focuses on observable events, learning.
- Gestalt: Studies perception as a whole, organized by the mind.
- Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic: Emphasizes unconscious thoughts and early childhood experiences.
- Humanistic: Highlights human potential for growth.
- Evolutionary: Focuses on natural selection and reproductive success.
- Biological/Neuroscience: Examines physiological bases of behavior, bodily structures.
- Cognitive: Studies thoughts, memory, language, and problem-solving.
- Biopsychosocial: Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors.
- Sociocultural: Examines the influence of culture and environment.
Research Methods
- Basic Research: Seeks to expand knowledge without immediate practical application.
- Applied Research: Focuses on solving practical problems.
- Psychometrics: Assigns numbers to psychological phenomena.
- Case Studies: In-depth investigation of one or a few individuals.
- Naturalistic Observation: Observing behaviors in natural settings.
- Surveys: Collect data from a selected group of participants.
- Correlational Research: Studies relationships between variables.
- Experimental Research: Manipulates variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
- Independent Variable: Manipulated factor.
- Dependent Variable: Measured outcome.
- Operational Definitions: Precise descriptions of variables.
- Extraneous Variables: Unsystematic variables that can influence the outcome.
- Confounding Variables: Systematic changes in a variable influencing measured results
- Cross-Sectional Studies: Comparing different age groups at a single point.
- Longitudinal Studies: Tracking the same individuals over time.
Experimental Method Details
- Hypothesis: Predicted outcome of an experiment.
- Replication: Repeating the experiment to confirm results.
- Representative vs Random Sample: Participant selection, crucial for generalizability.
- Population: Whole group of interest in a study
- **Random sampling: random selection of participants from a population
- Correlation Coefficient: Measures the strength and direction of a relationship between variables.
Descriptive Statistics
- Mean: Average of scores.
- Median: Midpoint of scores.
- Mode: Most frequent score.
- Range: Difference between highest and lowest scores.
- Standard Deviation: Measures the dispersion of scores around the mean.
Ethical Considerations in Research
- APA Ethical Guidelines: Guidelines for human and animal research.
- Informed Consent: Participants must be informed about the study.
- Debriefing: Providing information about the study after its completion.
- IRB: Institutional Review Boards review research proposals to ensure ethical standards.
- Animal Research: Ethical treatment of animals, IACUC oversees this.
Biological Bases of Behavior
- Neurons: Cells of the nervous system.
- Dendrites: Receive information.
- Cell Body: Contains the nucleus.
- Axon: Transmits electrical impulses.
- Myelin Sheath: Insulates the axon.
- Terminal Branches: Release neurotransmitters.
- Action Potential: Neural firing.
- Resting potential: Neuron at rest.
- Refractory Period: Period after firing when the neuron cannot respond.
- Synapse: Gap between neurons.
Neurotransmitters and Their Functions
-
Acetylcholine (ACh): Enables muscle action and learning.
-
Dopamine: Influences movement, emotion, reward.
-
Serotonin: Affects mood, hunger, sleep.
-
Norepinephrine: Increases alertness, arousal.
-
GABA: Inhibitory neurotransmitter.
-
Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter.
-
Endorphins: Regulate pain perception.
-
Substance P: Involved in pain perception.
-
Agonists: Mimic neurotransmitters, increase their effect.
-
Antagonists: Block neurotransmitters, decrease their effect.
Brain Structures
- Brainstem: Medulla (breathing, heart), Pons (coordination of movements), Reticular Formation (sleep, arousal); Thalamus(sensory relay station except for smell)
- Limbic System: Thalamus, amygdala (emotion), hippocampus (memory).
- Hypothalamus: Regulates appetite and thirst.
- Cerebellum: Balance and movement coordination and some learning.
- Cerebral Cortex: Higher-level thinking (frontal lobe - motor function, planning, language; parietal lobe - touch, sensory, spatial; temporal lobe - auditory; occipital lobe - vision).
- Frontal Lobe: Motor cortex, Broca’s area.
- Parietal Lobe: Somatosensory cortex,.
- Temporal Lobe: Auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area
- Occipital Lobe: Visual cortex
Brain Imaging Techniques
- Lesions: Studying behavioral effects of brain damage.
- EEG: Measuring brain electrical activity.
- CT/CAT Scan: X-ray images of the brain.
- PET Scan: Measuring brain activity through glucose metabolism.
- MRI: Detailed images of brain structure using magnetism.
- fMRI: Measuring brain activity by detecting blood flow changes.
- ECG: Electrodes on cerebral cortex
Drugs and Their Effects
- Types of Drugs (estimulants, depressants, hallucinogens): Different classifications based on their effects on the brain.
- Effects: How different drugs affect neural function and cognitive processes. Neurotransmitters and their effects are crucial.
- Tolerance: Increased amount needed to experience the same effect.
- Withdrawal: Symptoms after stopping drug use.
- Addiction: Psychological and/or physiological dependence.
Consciousness
- Consciousness: Awareness of self and environment.
- Circadian Rhythm: 24-hour cycle influencing sleep/wake.
- Stages of Sleep: NREM (stages 1-3) and REM.
Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia: Difficulty sleeping.
- Narcolepsy: Uncontrollable sleep attacks.
- Sleep Apnea: Brief interruptions in breathing.
- Sleepwalking: Occurs most often during NREM-3 stage.
- Night Terrors: Often involve significant fear and awakenings.
Sensation and Perception
- Sensation: Receiving sensory information.
- Perception: Interpreting sensory information.
- Absolute Threshold: Minimum stimulation to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
- Difference Threshold: Minimum difference between two stimuli to be perceived as different.
- Weber's Law: Difference threshold is proportional to the stimulus intensity.
- Signal Detection Theory: External factors influence awareness of a stimulus .
- Sensory Adaptation: Reduced responsiveness to a constant stimulus.
- Transduction: Sensory information converted into electrical signals.
Organization and Interpretation of Sensory Information
- Gestalt Principles:
- Proximity: Grouping nearby objects together.
- Similarity: Grouping similar objects together.
- Symmetry: Grouping symmetrical objects together.
- Closure: Filling in gaps in incomplete forms.
- Continuity: Perceiving a continuous form, even if disconnected.
- Connectedness: Grouping connected objects together.
- Figure-ground: Identifying the figure from the background .
- Depth Perception: Perceiving 3D space and distances.
- Binocular Cues: Using both eyes to judge depth.
- Convergence: Eyes moving inward for near objects .
- Retinal Disparity: Differences in images seen by each eye
- Monocular Cues: Using one eye to perceive depth. (Relative size, Interposition, Relative height, Relative motion, Linear perspective)
Eye Structures and Functions
- Cornea: Protective outer layer.
- Iris: Muscle controlling pupil size.
- Pupil: Opening for light.
- Lens: Focuses light on retina.
- Optic Nerve: Carries signals to the brain.
- Retina: Contains receptor cells (rods & cones).
- Rods: Detect light and shadow.
- Cones: Detect color.
- Blind Spot: No receptor cells where optic nerve leaves eye.
- Fovea: Center of retina, high concentration of cones.
How Eyes See Color
- Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory: Three types of cones detect red, green, and blue.
- Opponent-Process Theory: Colors are processed in opponent pairs (red-green, blue-yellow).
Ear Structures and Functions
- Outer Ear: Pinna, auditory canal.
- Middle Ear: Hammer, anvil, stirrup.
- Inner Ear: Cochlea, semicircular canals.
- Hair Cells in Cochlea: Convert sound waves to nerve impulses.
How Ears Hear
- Acoustical Transduction: Converting sound to neural impulses.
- Frequency: Determines pitch (high/low).
- Amplitude: Determines loudness.
Other Sensory Systems (Touch, Pain, Kinesthesia, Vestibular)
- Touch: Various receptors for pressure, temperature, and pain.
- Pain: Psychological interpretation of touch.
- Phantom Limb: Pain and sensation in a lost limb.
- Gate-Control Theory: Spinal cord gates modulate pain signals.
- Kinesthesis: Body position and movement.
- Vestibular Sense: Balance, equilibrium.
Learning
-
Learning: Acquiring new behaviors and knowledge.
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Classical Conditioning (Pavlov): Associating stimuli with involuntary responses.
- Neutral Stimulus (NS): Stimulus with no initial response.
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Stimulus causing an automatic response.
- Unconditioned Response (UCR): Automatic response to UCS.
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Stimulus initially neutral, but with pairing with UCS becomes associated.
- Conditioned Response (CR): a learned response to a CS.
- Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, Discrimination: Key aspects of classical conditioning processes.
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Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences of behaviors.
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Positive/Negative Reinforcement, Punishment: Methods to increase or decrease behaviors. - Primary vs Secondary Reinforcers, reinforcement schedules (Continuous reinforcement, Partial reinforcement schedules [Fixed/Variable Ratio/Interval]): Types of reinforcement.
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Observational Learning (Bandura): Learning by observing others.
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Latent Learning: Learning that occurs, but isn't immediately demonstrated.
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Cognitive Map and Models: ways to represent experiences.
Memory
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Memory Processes: Encoding, storage, retrieval.
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Memory Measurement: Recall, recognition, relearning.
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Types of Memory: Sensory memory (echoic, iconic), short-term memory, long-term memory (explicit [semantic, episodic], implicit [procedural]),
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Encoding Strategies: Shallow processing vs deep processing; Mnemonics and other memory aids.
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Memory Interference: Proactive/retroactive interference.
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Other Memory Concepts: Flashbulb memories, mood-congruent memory.
Thinking and Problem Solving
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Cognition: Basic Mental Processes.
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Parallel Processing: Processing information simultaneously.
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Problem Solving: Approaches.
- Algorithm and heuristic: Problem solving approaches - Algorithm = step-by-step procedure that guarantees solution, can be time consuming. Heuristic = simple thinking strategy to make judgments quickly, efficient.
- Representative heuristic, availability heuristic.
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Creativity: Divergent vs Convergent thinking.
Intelligence and Achievement
- Intelligence: General mental ability.
- Achievement Tests, Aptitude Tests
- IQ Calculation: Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
- Test Reliability and Validity: Important concepts in psychological testing.
- Types of intelligence: Crystallized and Fluid.
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Description
This quiz explores the scientific foundations and various contemporary approaches within psychology. It covers essential concepts such as behavioral, cognitive, and psychodynamic theories, as well as research methods used in the field. Test your knowledge on how these approaches shape our understanding of mind and behavior.
