Questions and Answers
What type of test uses ambiguous, vague, and unstructured stimuli to assess an individual's psyche?
What type of experiment is performed in ordinary life conditions, without the experimenter's interference?
Who created one of the first psychological tests for assessing intelligence in 1905?
What type of test is an assessment instrument consisting of a set of items or questions with specific correct answers?
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What is the term for a type of test that does not use self-reports of the subjects and instead uses free interpretation by the researcher?
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What is the term for a method of understanding that lends clarity and comprehension to research when other methods are difficult to use?
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What characteristic of scientific research ensures that the studies are free from biases?
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Which of the following methods is NOT classified as a subjective psychological research method?
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Which statement accurately describes the principle of replication in psychological research?
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Which of the following is a primary group of psychological research methods?
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How does the concept of self-correction function in psychological research?
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What is a defining feature of the observation method in psychological research?
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Which intrinsic factor is likely NOT considered in psychological research methods?
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Which aspect of psychological research enhances its credibility through consistency?
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Which type of observation allows the researcher to directly intervene or manipulate the observed behavior?
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What is the key characteristic that differentiates scientific observation from non-scientific observation?
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In the context of surveys, what does a verbal survey allow researchers to do that a written survey cannot?
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What is the primary disadvantage of using a written survey compared to a verbal survey?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a structured interview?
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Which type of survey question format is associated with a closed-ended question?
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Which observation method is MOST suitable for studying the behavior of individuals in their natural environment?
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What is a key difference between a structured interview and an unstructured interview?
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Which method of data collection relies primarily on questioning and answering to gather information?
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Which of the following is NOT a common use of surveys in research?
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Study Notes
Understanding Human Behavior
- Study or research aims to develop principles and theories, test them, and solve different human problems to create a dependable understanding that guides behavior in various situations.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors
- Human behavior is shaped by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors due to the complexity of human beings as living organisms.
Characteristics of Scientific Research
- Psychological research carried out scientifically has the characteristics of objectivity, testability, and replication, allowing for self-correction and verification of authenticity.
Methods of Psychological Research
- Primary psychological research methods can be divided into three main groups: subjective, objective, and modeling.
Subjective Methods
- Subjective methods include observation, survey, and test, which are based on self-assessments or self-reports of the subjects, as well as the opinion of researchers about a particular observed phenomenon or information received.
Observation
- Observation is a systematic and purposeful perception of the phenomenon under study, requiring special training and knowledge.
- Types of observation:
- Introspection (self-observation): a process of self-examination when the person describes and analyzes thoughts as they occur.
- Active (participant) observation: involves direct participation in the events under study and conducting investigation.
- Passive (non-participant) observation: involves maintaining an optimum distance and having little impact on the events under study.
Survey
- Survey is a method of obtaining necessary information using questions and answers to study people's patterns of opinions, attitudes, beliefs, and values.
- Types of surveys:
- Verbal (oral) survey: used when it is necessary to observe the actions and behavior of the participant, allowing for deeper insights into human psychology.
- Written survey: allows reaching more people in a relatively short time, but has limitations in observing participant reactions to questions.
Test
- Test is a standardized psychological tool, with subjective tests being scored according to personal judgment or views.
- Types of tests:
- Test questionnaire: based on interrogating subjects for questions that allow for reliable information about psychological characteristics.
- Test-task: involves obtaining information about psychological characteristics based on the analysis of specific tasks.
Objective Methods
- Objective methods include experiment and test, which are based on an approach to psychology that focuses on measurement of behavioral processes or other observable phenomena.
Experiment
- Experiment is the primary method of psychology, allowing for scientific explanation of the origin and development of the phenomenon under study.
- Types of experiments:
- Laboratory experiments: performed on particular cases using special equipment, allowing for more reliable cause-and-effect links.
- Natural experiments: performed in ordinary life conditions without interference from the experimenter.
Test
- Objective test is an assessment instrument consisting of a set of items or questions with specific correct answers, scored without interpretation or personal impressions.
Modeling Method
- Modeling is a method of understanding used when other methods are difficult to use, lending clarity and comprehension to research.
- Types of modeling:
- Mathematical modeling: involves statistical analysis and interpretation of results using mathematical expressions or formulas.
- Cybernetic modeling: based on the use of concepts from computer science and cybernetics to solve psychological problems.
- Logistical modeling: based on ideas and symbols used in mathematical logic.
- Technical modeling: involves the creation of an instrument or device that helps to study mental phenomena.
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Description
Explore the scientific methods used to study human behaviour, developing principles and theories to solve problems. Learn how psychological research is carried out objectively, considering intrinsic and extrinsic factors that shape human behaviour.
