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Questions and Answers
What is the normal concentration range of sodium in the extracellular fluid?
What is the normal concentration range of sodium in the extracellular fluid?
Which hormone stimulates the kidneys to absorb sodium and excrete potassium?
Which hormone stimulates the kidneys to absorb sodium and excrete potassium?
What occurs to sodium and chloride levels when there is a body water deficit?
What occurs to sodium and chloride levels when there is a body water deficit?
Which of the following conditions can lead to hyponatremia?
Which of the following conditions can lead to hyponatremia?
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Dry oral membranes, restlessness, and elevated body temperature indicate which of the following?
Dry oral membranes, restlessness, and elevated body temperature indicate which of the following?
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Which intravenous solution is commonly administered to restore sodium balance due to a sodium deficit?
Which intravenous solution is commonly administered to restore sodium balance due to a sodium deficit?
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What is the normal serum potassium range?
What is the normal serum potassium range?
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Which of the following is a food rich in potassium?
Which of the following is a food rich in potassium?
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Which serum calcium level indicates hypocalcemia?
Which serum calcium level indicates hypocalcemia?
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What might prolonged immobilization do to serum calcium levels?
What might prolonged immobilization do to serum calcium levels?
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Which symptom is likely to be present in a hypocalcemic patient?
Which symptom is likely to be present in a hypocalcemic patient?
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A positive Chvostek's sign is indicative of which condition?
A positive Chvostek's sign is indicative of which condition?
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Increased serum calcium levels can raise the risk of which condition?
Increased serum calcium levels can raise the risk of which condition?
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What is the normal serum phosphorus range in adults?
What is the normal serum phosphorus range in adults?
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What is one of the primary functions of phosphorus in the body?
What is one of the primary functions of phosphorus in the body?
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Which symptom is NOT associated with hypocalcemia?
Which symptom is NOT associated with hypocalcemia?
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What happens to potassium levels when aldosterone is produced?
What happens to potassium levels when aldosterone is produced?
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Which electrolytes are typically lost when potassium-sparing diuretics are used?
Which electrolytes are typically lost when potassium-sparing diuretics are used?
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To correct mild hyperkalemia, which of the following is recommended?
To correct mild hyperkalemia, which of the following is recommended?
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What is the correct normal dose of IV potassium?
What is the correct normal dose of IV potassium?
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In individuals taking potassium-sparing diuretics, which potassium imbalance is most likely to occur?
In individuals taking potassium-sparing diuretics, which potassium imbalance is most likely to occur?
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Which method is NOT typically used to correct moderate potassium excess?
Which method is NOT typically used to correct moderate potassium excess?
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What role does Vitamin D play in calcium absorption?
What role does Vitamin D play in calcium absorption?
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What serum phosphorus level indicates hyperphosphatemia? (Select all that apply)
What serum phosphorus level indicates hyperphosphatemia? (Select all that apply)
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Which condition can lead to decreased serum phosphorus levels?
Which condition can lead to decreased serum phosphorus levels?
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What sign is NOT commonly associated with hypophosphatemia?
What sign is NOT commonly associated with hypophosphatemia?
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Which vitamin is essential for phosphorus absorption in the intestines?
Which vitamin is essential for phosphorus absorption in the intestines?
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How does aluminum hydroxide decrease serum phosphorus levels?
How does aluminum hydroxide decrease serum phosphorus levels?
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Which of the following symptoms is specifically related to hyperphosphatemia?
Which of the following symptoms is specifically related to hyperphosphatemia?
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What dietary factor contributes to lower serum phosphorus levels?
What dietary factor contributes to lower serum phosphorus levels?
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What is the primary type of magnesium imbalance indicated by a serum Mg level of 1.2 mEq/L?
What is the primary type of magnesium imbalance indicated by a serum Mg level of 1.2 mEq/L?
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How does decreased calcium absorption affect magnesium absorption?
How does decreased calcium absorption affect magnesium absorption?
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What clinical sign can be linked to hypermagnesemia in a neuromuscular assessment?
What clinical sign can be linked to hypermagnesemia in a neuromuscular assessment?
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What is the recommended route for administering magnesium replacement in severe hypomagnesemia?
What is the recommended route for administering magnesium replacement in severe hypomagnesemia?
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Which of the following is a common cause of magnesium deficiency?
Which of the following is a common cause of magnesium deficiency?
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What course of action should be taken if renal failure causes severe hypermagnesemia?
What course of action should be taken if renal failure causes severe hypermagnesemia?
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What is indicated by a serum magnesium level of 2.9 mEq/L?
What is indicated by a serum magnesium level of 2.9 mEq/L?
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What effect does magnesium have on the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
What effect does magnesium have on the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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Study Notes
Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
- Sodium (Na) is the major cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF)
- Chloride (Cl) is an anion found in combination with Na in the ECF
- A high oral temperature (104°F) may lead to sodium loss
- Normal extracellular fluid (ECF) sodium concentration is 135-145 mEq/L
- Drinking large amounts of water cannot replace sodium
- Ocean water is hyperosmolar and draws water from body fluids
- Hypernatremia is high sodium; hyponatremia is low sodium
- Sodium influences water distribution in the body
- Chloride levels below 95 mEq/L are hypochloremia; above 108 mEq/L are hyperchloremia
- The kidneys are the primary regulator of sodium
Potassium Imbalance
- Potassium (K) is primarily intracellular
- Normal serum potassium range is 3.5-5.3 mEq/L
- Both too little or too much potassium can cause cardiac arrest
- Potassium is needed for nerve transmission and muscle contraction
- Ingesting potassium leads to shifts in cells and excretion by the kidneys
- Daily potassium intake is 40-60 mEq
- Potassium-rich foods include meat, bananas, fruits, and vegetables
- Insulin increases sodium-potassium pump activity
- Potassium imbalances are classified as hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
Calcium Imbalance
- Normal serum calcium levels range from 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
- Unbound calcium can cause cellular responses
- Vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption
- High calcium correlates with low phosphorus, and vice versa
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases serum calcium levels
- Calcitonin decreases serum calcium levels
- Calcium is important for nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and bone health
- Imbalances may lead to symptoms like muscle weakness, cardiac disturbances, or kidney stones.
Phosphorus Imbalance
- Normal serum phosphorus (P) range in adults is 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
- Phosphorus is important for metabolism, muscle function, nerve function, energy production, and bone health
- PTH increases phosphate excretion
- High phosphorus may lead to low calcium and vice versa
- Hypophosphatemia is low phosphorus (<2.5 mg/dL), hyperphosphatemia is high phosphorus (>4.5 mg/dL)
Magnesium Imbalance
- Normal serum magnesium ranges from 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
- Magnesium is important for neuromuscular function, enzyme activity, and other cellular processes
- Magnesium inhibits the release of PTH, and lower PTH leads to higher calcium
- Hypomagnesemia is low magnesium (<1.5 mEq/L), and hypermagnesemia is high magnesium (>2.5mEq/L)
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Description
Test your knowledge on fluid and electrolyte imbalances, focusing on the roles of sodium and potassium in the human body. This quiz covers normal serum levels, regulatory mechanisms, and related conditions such as hypernatremia and hypokalemia. Perfect for healthcare professionals and students alike!
