Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in the Body

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Questions and Answers

What percentage decrease in plasma volume stimulates the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?

5%–10%

10%–15% (correct)

20%–25%

15%–20%

What is the primary effect of a 1–2% increase in plasma osmolality on the osmoreceptors?

Inhibition of ADH release

Stimulation of osmoreceptors (correct)

Increased urine production

Stimulation aldosterone production

Which hormone stimulates glycogenesis?

Glucagon

Insulin (correct)

Epinephrine

Cortisol

Which of the following correctly identifies the major cations and anions in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Major cation: Sodium (Na+), Major anions: Chloride (Cl-) and Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major fluid compartments in the body?

Intracellular fluid and Extracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an acid?

A substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H+) Signup and view all the answers

What is a buffer?

A solution that can resist changes in pH upon the addition of an acid or a base Signup and view all the answers

What are the three physiological buffers in the human body?

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate, Phosphate, and Protein Signup and view all the answers

How does the level of CO2 affect the pH of blood?

Increase in CO2 leads to a lower pH, decrease leads to a higher pH. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important extracellular fluid (ECF) buffer system?

The Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of CO2 on blood pH?

An increase in CO2 leads to a lower pH (acidic). Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood?

Respiratory acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with a decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood?

Respiratory alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is a decrease in bicarbonate (HCO3) levels in the body?

Metabolic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by an increase in bicarbonate levels?

Metabolic alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the compensatory mechanism of the kidneys for respiratory acid-base disturbances?

Increase in H+ excretion and HCO3- reabsorption for respiratory acidosis, and decrease in HCO3- reabsorption for respiratory alkalosis. Signup and view all the answers

How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic acid-base disturbance?

By increasing breathing rate (hyperventilation) to decrease CO2 in metabolic acidosis and decreasing breathing rate (hypoventilation) to increase CO2 in metabolic alkalosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between bicarbonate levels and pH levels?

Bicarbonate levels increase as pH levels increase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disturbance of respiratory acid-base disturbance?

Changes in the level of PCO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of metabolic acid-base disturbances?

Changes in the level of HCO3- Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is most closely related to metabolic acid-base disturbances?

HCO3- Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of a change in the level of HCO3- on the body's acid-base balance?

A change in the level of pH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about metabolic acid-base disturbances?

They are caused by changes in the level of HCO3- Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary fuel source that provides energy for the body's various functions?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes primarily generates ATP during cellular respiration?

Oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

During the post-absorptive state (fasting state), which three hormones dominate?

Glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which energy pathway is responsible for producing the most ATP in cells?

Electron transport chain (ETC) combined with oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis take place?

Cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood glucose level like in the post absorptive state?

Low Signup and view all the answers

What is beta oxidation?

The breakdown of fatty acids to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2. Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of glycolysis?

Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vitamins are considered fat-soluble?

Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

What is gluconeogenesis?

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of beta oxidation?

Breakdown of fatty acid molecules to generate ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone controls the absorptive state?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of beta oxidation in cellular respiration?

To break down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2 Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary products of fatty acid beta oxidation?

Acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of acetyl-CoA in beta oxidation?

Fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

Why are ketones (ketoacids) dangerous for diabetics?

Ketones can lead to ketoacidosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the body's inability to properly utilize glucose in diabetics?

Excessive ketone production as the body breaks down fats for energy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the three primary hormones that mediate fluid and electrolyte balance?

Antidiuretic hormone, Aldosterone, and Natriuretic peptides Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combinations correctly identifies the major intracellular fluid (ICF) cations and anions?

Cations: Potassium (K+), Anions: Proteins and Phosphate (PO4-) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a base that makes it unique?

Ability to accept a hydrogen ion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between bicarbonate (HCO3) and pH in the human body?

An increase in HCO3 can lead to a higher pH (alkaline), while a decrease in HCO3 can lead to a lower pH (acidic). Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acid-Base Balance and Fluid Electrolyte Balance

Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by an increase in bicarbonate (HCO3) levels.
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are stimulated by a drop in plasma volume of 10%–15% or a rise in plasma osmolality by 1–2%.
The three primary hormones that mediate fluid and electrolyte balance are Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Aldosterone, and Natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP).
The body has two major fluid compartments: Intracellular fluid (ICF) and Extracellular fluid (ECF), which includes plasma and interstitial fluid.
An acid is a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H+) to another substance, while a base is a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+) from another substance.
A buffer is a solution that can resist changes in pH upon the addition of an acid or a base.
The three physiological buffers are the Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, Phosphate buffer system, and Protein buffer system.
The Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is the most important ECF buffer system.

Respiratory and Metabolic Acid-Base Disturbances

An increase in CO2 can lead to a lower pH (acidic), while a decrease in CO2 can lead to a higher pH (alkaline).
Respiratory acidosis is caused by an increase in CO2, while respiratory alkalosis is caused by a decrease in CO2.
An increase in HCO3 can lead to a higher pH (alkaline), while a decrease in HCO3 can lead to a lower pH (acidic).
Metabolic alkalosis is caused by an increase in HCO3, while metabolic acidosis is caused by a decrease in HCO3.

Energy Pathways and Hormones

Glucose is the primary fuel for the body's energy needs.
Insulin is the hormone that controls the absorptive state, promoting the uptake and utilization of nutrients.
Electron transport chain (ETC) combined with oxidative phosphorylation is the energy pathway responsible for producing the most ATP in cells.
During the postabsorptive state (fasting state), glucose levels fall, and the dominant hormones are glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine.
Insulin stimulates glycogenesis.
Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic process by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, glycerol, and lactate, primarily in the liver.

Fatty Acid Metabolism and Vitamins

Fat-soluble vitamins include Vitamins A, D, E, and K, which are absorbed along with dietary fats and can be stored in the body's fatty tissues.
Beta oxidation is the metabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2, which enter the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to produce ATP.
The products of fatty acid beta oxidation are acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.
Ketoacidosis is a dangerous condition characterized by high levels of ketones in the blood, which can be fatal for diabetics if left untreated.

Electrolyte Balance

The major ECF cations and anions are Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), and Magnesium (Mg2+) as cations, and Chloride (Cl-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), and Phosphate (PO4-) as anions.
Major ICF cation: Potassium (K+) and Major ICF anions: Proteins and Phosphate (PO4-)

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Description

Test your knowledge on how the body regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, including the role of osmoreceptors, hormones, and fluid compartments. Learn about the key hormones involved and their functions.