Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage decrease in plasma volume stimulates the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?
What percentage decrease in plasma volume stimulates the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?
- 5%–10%
- 10%–15% (correct)
- 20%–25%
- 15%–20%
What is the primary effect of a 1–2% increase in plasma osmolality on the osmoreceptors?
What is the primary effect of a 1–2% increase in plasma osmolality on the osmoreceptors?
- Inhibition of ADH release
- Stimulation of osmoreceptors (correct)
- Increased urine production
- Stimulation aldosterone production
Which hormone stimulates glycogenesis?
Which hormone stimulates glycogenesis?
- Glucagon
- Insulin (correct)
- Epinephrine
- Cortisol
Which of the following correctly identifies the major cations and anions in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which of the following correctly identifies the major cations and anions in the extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What are the two major fluid compartments in the body?
What are the two major fluid compartments in the body?
Which of the following best describes an acid?
Which of the following best describes an acid?
What is a buffer?
What is a buffer?
What are the three physiological buffers in the human body?
What are the three physiological buffers in the human body?
How does the level of CO2 affect the pH of blood?
How does the level of CO2 affect the pH of blood?
What is the most important extracellular fluid (ECF) buffer system?
What is the most important extracellular fluid (ECF) buffer system?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of CO2 on blood pH?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effect of CO2 on blood pH?
Which condition is associated with an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood?
Which condition is associated with an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood?
Which condition is associated with a decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood?
Which condition is associated with a decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood?
What occurs when there is a decrease in bicarbonate (HCO3) levels in the body?
What occurs when there is a decrease in bicarbonate (HCO3) levels in the body?
Which condition is characterized by an increase in bicarbonate levels?
Which condition is characterized by an increase in bicarbonate levels?
Which of the following describes the compensatory mechanism of the kidneys for respiratory acid-base disturbances?
Which of the following describes the compensatory mechanism of the kidneys for respiratory acid-base disturbances?
How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic acid-base disturbance?
How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic acid-base disturbance?
What is the relationship between bicarbonate levels and pH levels?
What is the relationship between bicarbonate levels and pH levels?
What is the primary disturbance of respiratory acid-base disturbance?
What is the primary disturbance of respiratory acid-base disturbance?
What is the primary cause of metabolic acid-base disturbances?
What is the primary cause of metabolic acid-base disturbances?
Which of the following ions is most closely related to metabolic acid-base disturbances?
Which of the following ions is most closely related to metabolic acid-base disturbances?
What is the primary effect of a change in the level of HCO3- on the body's acid-base balance?
What is the primary effect of a change in the level of HCO3- on the body's acid-base balance?
Which of the following statements is true about metabolic acid-base disturbances?
Which of the following statements is true about metabolic acid-base disturbances?
What is the primary fuel source that provides energy for the body's various functions?
What is the primary fuel source that provides energy for the body's various functions?
Which of the following processes primarily generates ATP during cellular respiration?
Which of the following processes primarily generates ATP during cellular respiration?
During the post-absorptive state (fasting state), which three hormones dominate?
During the post-absorptive state (fasting state), which three hormones dominate?
Which energy pathway is responsible for producing the most ATP in cells?
Which energy pathway is responsible for producing the most ATP in cells?
Where does glycolysis take place?
Where does glycolysis take place?
What is the blood glucose level like in the post absorptive state?
What is the blood glucose level like in the post absorptive state?
What is beta oxidation?
What is beta oxidation?
What is the product of glycolysis?
What is the product of glycolysis?
Which of the following vitamins are considered fat-soluble?
Which of the following vitamins are considered fat-soluble?
What is gluconeogenesis?
What is gluconeogenesis?
What is the primary function of beta oxidation?
What is the primary function of beta oxidation?
Which hormone controls the absorptive state?
Which hormone controls the absorptive state?
What is the primary role of beta oxidation in cellular respiration?
What is the primary role of beta oxidation in cellular respiration?
What are the primary products of fatty acid beta oxidation?
What are the primary products of fatty acid beta oxidation?
What is the primary source of acetyl-CoA in beta oxidation?
What is the primary source of acetyl-CoA in beta oxidation?
Why are ketones (ketoacids) dangerous for diabetics?
Why are ketones (ketoacids) dangerous for diabetics?
What is the primary consequence of the body's inability to properly utilize glucose in diabetics?
What is the primary consequence of the body's inability to properly utilize glucose in diabetics?
Which of the following are the three primary hormones that mediate fluid and electrolyte balance?
Which of the following are the three primary hormones that mediate fluid and electrolyte balance?
Which of the following combinations correctly identifies the major intracellular fluid (ICF) cations and anions?
Which of the following combinations correctly identifies the major intracellular fluid (ICF) cations and anions?
What is the characteristic of a base that makes it unique?
What is the characteristic of a base that makes it unique?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between bicarbonate (HCO3) and pH in the human body?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between bicarbonate (HCO3) and pH in the human body?
Study Notes
Acid-Base Balance and Fluid Electrolyte Balance
- Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by an increase in bicarbonate (HCO3) levels.
- Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are stimulated by a drop in plasma volume of 10%–15% or a rise in plasma osmolality by 1–2%.
- The three primary hormones that mediate fluid and electrolyte balance are Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Aldosterone, and Natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP).
- The body has two major fluid compartments: Intracellular fluid (ICF) and Extracellular fluid (ECF), which includes plasma and interstitial fluid.
- An acid is a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H+) to another substance, while a base is a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+) from another substance.
- A buffer is a solution that can resist changes in pH upon the addition of an acid or a base.
- The three physiological buffers are the Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, Phosphate buffer system, and Protein buffer system.
- The Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is the most important ECF buffer system.
Respiratory and Metabolic Acid-Base Disturbances
- An increase in CO2 can lead to a lower pH (acidic), while a decrease in CO2 can lead to a higher pH (alkaline).
- Respiratory acidosis is caused by an increase in CO2, while respiratory alkalosis is caused by a decrease in CO2.
- An increase in HCO3 can lead to a higher pH (alkaline), while a decrease in HCO3 can lead to a lower pH (acidic).
- Metabolic alkalosis is caused by an increase in HCO3, while metabolic acidosis is caused by a decrease in HCO3.
Energy Pathways and Hormones
- Glucose is the primary fuel for the body's energy needs.
- Insulin is the hormone that controls the absorptive state, promoting the uptake and utilization of nutrients.
- Electron transport chain (ETC) combined with oxidative phosphorylation is the energy pathway responsible for producing the most ATP in cells.
- During the postabsorptive state (fasting state), glucose levels fall, and the dominant hormones are glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine.
- Insulin stimulates glycogenesis.
- Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic process by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, glycerol, and lactate, primarily in the liver.
Fatty Acid Metabolism and Vitamins
- Fat-soluble vitamins include Vitamins A, D, E, and K, which are absorbed along with dietary fats and can be stored in the body's fatty tissues.
- Beta oxidation is the metabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2, which enter the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain to produce ATP.
- The products of fatty acid beta oxidation are acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2.
- Ketoacidosis is a dangerous condition characterized by high levels of ketones in the blood, which can be fatal for diabetics if left untreated.
Electrolyte Balance
- The major ECF cations and anions are Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+), and Magnesium (Mg2+) as cations, and Chloride (Cl-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), and Phosphate (PO4-) as anions.
- Major ICF cation: Potassium (K+) and Major ICF anions: Proteins and Phosphate (PO4-)
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Description
Test your knowledge on how the body regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, including the role of osmoreceptors, hormones, and fluid compartments. Learn about the key hormones involved and their functions.