196 Questions
What is the approximate total area of Thailand in km2?
513 120 km2
What is the approximate total coastline of Thailand in km?
2 815 km
What is the approximate total area used for freshwater fish production in 2015 in rai?
819 883 rai
What is the approximate total production of freshwater fish in 2015 in tonnes?
419 845 tonnes
What is the approximate total area used for marine fish production in 2015 in rai?
10 673 rai
What is the approximate total production of marine fish in 2015 in tonnes?
19 508 tonnes
What is the approximate total production of cultured marine shrimp in 2015 in tonnes?
294 816 tonnes
What percentage of the total production of cultured marine shrimp in 2015 was white shrimp production?
95 percent
What percentage of waste from fish processing industries in Thailand is utilized for value-added products?
70%
What is the approximate percentage of ash in fish waste from Salamanca, Spain?
22%
What is the main product processed from trimming waste in surimi processing companies?
Fishmeal
What is the estimated percentage of waste from shrimp processing industries in Thailand?
50%
What is the approximate percentage of protein in shrimp head and shell?
12%
What is the percentage of crude fibre in shrimp shell meal product?
10%
What is the primary source of raw material for value-added products in Thailand?
Shrimp heads and shells
What is the approximate percentage of fat in cooked tuna heads?
7-8%
What is the estimated percentage of waste from the processing of Pangasius bocourti fish (Pla Mong) filleting?
70%
What is the primary product processed from fish waste?
Fishmeal
What is fish silage?
Minced fish by-products with a preservative added to stabilize the mixture
What is typically added to minced fish to break down proteins into peptides and amino acids?
A fermentable carbohydrate and a lactic-acid-producing bacterial starter culture
What is the resulting product of autolysis in fish silage?
A liquid solution rich in low molecular nutrients and an oil phase
What is the approximate protein content of protein hydrolysate prepared from head and gut portions using the enzymatic method?
75-80 percent crude protein
What is the advantage of acid hydrolysis over enzymatic hydrolysis for FPH production?
It creates hydrolyzed protein in a shorter period of time
What is the percentage of waste generated from tilapia processing?
65 percent
What is the potential use of dried fish silage?
As a feedstuff for aquatic animals
What percentage of fish offal silage meal (FOSM) is suitable as a feed supplement in broilers’ diet?
15-20 percent
What is the effect of adding 15 percent shrimp-shell meal in a broiler’s diet?
It shows prebiotic properties
What is the effect of chito-oligosaccharides extracted from shrimp meal on Lactobacillus acidophilus and Escherichia coli?
It increases the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus and inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli
What is the percentage of waste in dried shrimp products?
10
What is the main use of fishmeal in animal feed?
As a protein supplement
What is the percentage of crude protein in fishmeal produced from surimi fish processing?
60.9
What is the percentage of waste in cooked bivalve molluscs?
90
What is the main product made from catfish waste?
Organic fertilizer
What is the percentage of moisture in shrimp head?
5.25
What is the percentage of ash in fishmeal from catfish waste?
36
What is the percentage of fishmeal used in shrimp feed?
35
What percentage of Thailand's total food product exports is accounted for by the fishery industry?
20%
What is the approximate value of Thailand's fishery exports in 2017?
USD 5.8 billion
What is the percentage of waste in tuna (chilled and frozen) products?
37-45
What is the snack made from shrimp cephalothorax waste?
Shrimp Chins Snack
What is the primary source of raw material for Thailand's seafood industry?
Imported fish from other countries
What is the main problem associated with the seafood industry in Thailand?
Waste management
What is the primary goal of the study mentioned in the text?
To study the status of fish waste management in Thailand
What is the exchange rate of 1 USD to Thai Baht?
30.53 Thai Baht
What is the total quantity of coastal aquaculture production in Thailand in 2011?
817.0 thousand tonnes
What is the main species of marine fish produced in coastal aquaculture in Thailand?
Marine fish (not specified)
What is the primary objective of the fish waste management study?
To gather data on the production and utilization of fish silage
What is the main reason for the need to manage fish waste in Thailand?
To improve the sanitation conditions for employees and the surrounding community
What was the method used to improve nutrient quality and carotenoid concentration of shrimp waste?
Microwave irradiation
What is the nutritional value of dried shrimp waste hydrolysate?
52% protein, 8% fat, 13% ash, 0.6% fibre, and 26% carbohydrate
What was the result of using fermented fish waste solution as fertilizer for purple basil?
Highest relative growth rate at a ratio of 1:1000
What is the primary nutrient element found in fish bio-extract?
Nitrogen
What is the purpose of using microwave pre-treatment technique?
To extract oil from catfish waste
What is the gel strength and viscosity of fish gelatin produced from Pangasius bocourti skin?
485-550 g and 120-137 millipoises
What is the condition for growing plants using hydroponics?
7 days of sprinkling with a concentration of 3% (v/v)
What is the use of hydroxyapatite from tilapia scales?
As a functional food
What is the type of bacteria used for fermenting shrimp waste?
Lactobacillus plantarum
What is the result of using fish bio-extract as fertilizer for Brassica chinensis var. chinensis plants?
Highest growth rate at a concentration of 3% (v/v)
What percentage of raw material is made up of heads in fish waste?
10%
What is the price of fish oil per liter sold by the community?
THB 16 per litre
Why is fish waste fermentation not practiced in some areas?
Due to tight local enforcement of waste management measures
What is the main product produced from viscera and intestines?
Fish oil
What is the recommended way to manage liquid wastes from small-scale food processing?
Properly managing it to prevent water pollutants
What is the purpose of providing hands-on training to small-scale communities?
To develop production of animal feed
Why should fish waste not be applied directly to aquaculture ponds?
Due to environmental problems and transmission of fish diseases
What is the interest of representatives from various communities?
Fish silage technology
What is the source of raw material for value-added products in Thailand?
Fish waste
Why is the community no longer fermenting fish heads with molasses and pineapple?
Due to unacceptable smell during the fermentation process
What is the primary focus of the study by Somsab, Chinachit, and Srisakultiew in 2014?
The effects of fish fertilizer on Anubias barteri growth
What is the recommended dilution ratio for mixing fish fertilizer with water for leaf spraying?
1:150
Which species has the highest production rate in Thailand's freshwater fish aquaculture?
Tilapia
What is the main aquaculture species in Chiang Rai province?
Tilapia
What is the approximate percentage of total production from Ang Thong province that accounts for snakehead fish production?
60%
How many members are part of the snakehead fish farmer and fish processing group in Ang Thong Fishery and Fishery Processing Cooperative Ltd?
55
What is the annual production of snakehead fish from the 15-acre culture area in Ang Thong province?
200 tonnes
What is the purpose of using microbial activators in the production of liquid fertilizer?
To enhance the decomposition process
What is the recommended frequency for spraying fish fertilizer on plant leaves?
Every 7-10 days
What is the composition of the liquid fertilizer mixture recommended by the Land Development Department?
40 kg fish waste, 20 kg molasses, 1 pack microbial activator
What is the volume of fermented fish products processed from the remaining 50 tonnes of fish?
10 tonnes
What percentage of the remaining 50 tonnes of fish is waste from the fish processing production?
50 percent
What is the price of fish intestines sold to a catfish farm?
THB 1–2 per kilogram
What is the primary use of fish scales?
Collagen production
How many members are frequently active in Phan Fisheries Cooperative Ltd?
270 members
What percentage of the total waste from Phan Fisheries Cooperative Ltd is fish heads and fish bones?
80 percent
What is the price of fish heads and fish bones sold fresh in the neighborhood?
THB 10 per kilogram
What is the price of fish scales sold to collagen producers?
THB 18 per kilogram
What is the primary concern of the group regarding fish silage?
The chemical used in the fish silage technique
What is the primary benefit of fish silage for the members of Ang Thong Fishery and Fishery Processing Cooperative Ltd?
It is a cost-effective method for fish waste management
What is the primary use of fish bones and heads at Phan Fisheries Cooperative?
To sell as animal feed
What is the percentage of waste from total production at Phan Fisheries Cooperative?
60%
What is the purpose of using Microbial Activator Super LDD 2 and Microbial Activator Super LDD 6?
To ferment fish waste for fertilizer production
What is the primary product processed by Lam Sai Pattana Community Enterprise?
Sun-dried fish products
What is done with the waste from Lam Sai Pattana Community Enterprise?
It is distributed to a nearby fish fertilizer producing group
What is the purpose of using the microorganism in the fermentation process at Lam Sai Pattana Community Enterprise?
To ferment fish waste for backyard hen rearing
What is the estimated percentage of waste from total production at Lam Sai Pattana Enterprise?
60%
What is the primary product processed by Bueng-Kham-Proi Catfish Processing Center?
Salted dried catfish
What is the approximate amount of raw material used by Lam Sai Pattana Community Enterprise per month?
3 tonnes
What is the purpose of the liquid fertilizer production technique used by Lam Sai Pattana Enterprise?
To ferment pineapple peel with microbial activator super LDD 2 for liquid fertilizer
What is the primary species of freshwater fish produced in Thailand?
Tilapia
What is the major impact on the shrimp industry in Thailand since 2012?
Outbreak of EMS (early mortality syndrome)
What is the primary species of marine fish produced in Thailand?
Seabass
What is the main reason for the growth of the aquaculture industry in Thailand?
Establishment of the Department of Fisheries (DOF) in 1926
What is the major species of fish used in earthen ponds and cages in Thailand?
Hybrid catfish
What is the main reason for the decline in marine shrimp production in Thailand?
Outbreak of EMS (early mortality syndrome)
What is the most important aquaculture industry in Thailand?
Marine shrimp
What is the primary objective of the fish waste management study?
To assess the potential production of fish silage in Thailand
What is the main product made from surimi fish waste?
Fishmeal
What is the primary use of fishmeal in animal feed?
As a protein supplement
What is the percentage of waste from shrimp processing industries that is utilized for value-added products?
50%
What is the snack made from shrimp cephalothorax waste?
Shrimp Chins Snack
What is the percentage of crude protein in fishmeal produced from surimi fish processing?
60%
What is the primary use of fishmeal in shrimp feed?
As a protein supplement
What is the percentage of waste in cooked bivalve molluscs?
90%
What is the primary product made from catfish waste?
Fishmeal
What is the percentage of ash in shrimp head?
4%
What is the percentage of moisture in shrimp head?
6%
What is the main component of solid waste from the fishery industry in Thailand?
Heads and guts
What is the percentage of Thailand's total food product exports accounted for by the fishery industry?
20%
What is the percentage of crude protein in fish waste from Salamanca, Spain?
58 percent
What is the main reason for the need to manage fish waste in Thailand?
To reduce the environmental impact of the seafood processing industry
What is the primary objective of the study mentioned in the text?
To identify potential aquaculture sites for the production and utilization of fish waste
What is the primary product processed from trimming waste in surimi processing companies?
Fishmeal
What is the approximate percentage of waste from the processing of Pangasius bocourti fish (Pla Mong) filleting?
70 percent
What is the approximate value of Thailand's fishery exports in 2017?
USD 5.8 billion
What is the main product processed from fish waste?
Fish silage
What is the chemical composition of shrimp head and shell from a cold storage company in Samutsakorn province, Thailand?
Protein, moisture, and fat in similar quantities
What is the exchange rate of 1 USD to Thai Baht?
1 USD = 30.53 Thai Baht
What is the primary use of fishmeal in animal feed?
As a source of protein
What is the approximate percentage of fat in cooked tuna heads?
7-8 percent
What is the primary source of raw material for Thailand's seafood industry?
Raw material sourced from both domestic and imported sources
What is the main product processed from fish waste in Thailand?
Value-added products
What is the total quantity of coastal aquaculture production in Thailand in 2011?
817 000 tonnes
What is the primary source of raw material for value-added products in Thailand?
Fish waste
What is the main problem associated with the seafood industry in Thailand?
Environmental pollution
What is the percentage of ash in shrimp shell meal product?
15.64-56.00 percent
What is the main species of marine fish produced in coastal aquaculture in Thailand?
Not specified in the text
What was the purpose of microwave irradiation method in shrimp waste utilization?
To improve nutrient quality and carotenoid concentration
What was the primary product produced from catfish waste?
Fish oil
What was the result of using fermented fish waste solution as a fertilizer in a hydroponic system?
It increased the antioxidant levels in plants
What was the result of producing fish gelatin from Pangasius bocourti skin?
It had a high gel strength and viscosity
What was the primary nutrient element in fish bio-extract?
Nitrogen
What was the best condition for growing plants using hydroponics with fish bio-extract?
7 days of sprinkling with a concentration of 3% (v/v)
What was the product produced from shrimp waste through bacterial fermentation?
Shrimp waste hydrolysate
What was the nutritional value of dried shrimp waste hydrolysate?
52% crude protein, 8% fat, 13% ash, 0.6% fibre, and 26% carbohydrate
What was the effect of using fermented fish waste solution as a fertilizer?
It increased the growth rate of plants
What was the purpose of using Lactobacillus plantarum 541 in shrimp waste fermentation?
To ferment shrimp waste for nutritional enrichment
What is the primary use of fish fertilizer produced from tilapia intestine waste?
As a substitute for chemical fertilizer in aquarium plant production
What is the highest concentration of fish fertilizer that showed the highest increase in fresh weight, leaf number, and root length?
1:1000 dilution
What is the recommended mixing ratio for using fish fertilizer in soil fertilization?
1 litre of fish fertilizer with 50 litres of water
What is the main species of freshwater fish produced in Ang Thong province?
Snakehead fish
What is the primary product processed from fish waste?
Fishmeal
What is the main aquaculture species produced in Chiang Rai province?
Tilapia
What is the approximate percentage of snakehead fish production in Ang Thong province?
60%
What is the total production of tilapia in 2015 in tonnes?
155,500 tonnes
What is the value of tilapia production in 2015 in million USD?
260.4 million USD
What is the main purpose of the Land Development Department's leaflet?
To provide guidance on the production and application of liquid fertilizer
What is the purpose of adding a preservative to fish silage?
To stabilize the mixture and prevent spoilage
What is the result of autolysis in fish silage?
A liquid solution rich in low molecular nutrients
What is the advantage of enzymatic hydrolysis over acid hydrolysis for FPH production?
It is a slower process that yields a better quality product
What is the potential use of dried fish silage?
As a feed supplement for livestock
What is the effect of adding chito-oligosaccharides extracted from shrimp meal to animal feed?
It increases the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus and inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli
What is the primary component of fish silage?
Minced fish waste
What is the approximate protein content of protein hydrolysate prepared from head and gut portions using the enzymatic method?
75-80 percent
What is the percentage of waste generated from tilapia processing?
65 percent
What percentage of raw material from fish waste is made up of heads?
10 percent
What is the product made from visceral wastes from catfish processing in Pathum Thani?
Fish oil
What is the result of fermenting fish waste with commercially effective microorganisms?
A better feed utilization
What is the potential use of fish protein hydrolysate?
As a feed supplement for livestock
Why is fish waste not applied directly to aquaculture ponds?
It causes environmental problems and transmits fish diseases
What is the main reason for the tight enforcement of waste management measures by the local municipality in Pathum Thani?
To prevent unacceptable odours from fish waste fermentation
What is the interest of the community representatives?
Developing fish silage technology for animal feed
What is the recommended provision for fish silage production?
Skilled hands-on training
What is the primary problem associated with the use of fish waste in aquaculture?
Environmental problems
What is the recommended management practice for liquid wastes from small-scale food processing?
Properly managing it to prevent water pollution
What is the primary goal of the fish waste management study?
To reduce environmental problems and disease transmission
What is the price of fish oil sold by the community?
THB 16 per litre
What is the primary product produced by Lam Sai Pattana Community Enterprise?
Made-to-order sun-dried fish products
What percentage of the total raw material is produced as processed product by Lam Sai Pattana Enterprise?
40 percent
What is the primary use of fish head and fish bones in Lam Sai Pattana Enterprise?
Feed for catfish
What is the quantity of raw materials used per month by Lam Sai Pattana Enterprise?
3 tonnes
What is the primary product produced by Phan Fisheries Cooperatives?
Frozen tilapia
What is the quantity of waste produced by Phan Fisheries Cooperatives?
3.6 tonnes
What is the value of fresh head and bone sold by Phan Fisheries Cooperatives?
THB 3/kg
What is the primary use of fish waste in Bueng-Kham-Proi Catfish Processing Center?
Distributed to a fish fertilizer producing group
What is the technique used by the group leader in Lam Sai Pattana Enterprise to produce liquid fertilizer?
Fermentation of pineapple peel with microbial activator super LDD 2
What is the primary product produced by Bueng-Kham-Proi Catfish Processing Center?
Salted dried catfish products
What is the approximate percentage of waste from the fish processing production in Ang Thong Fishery and Fishery Processing Cooperative Ltd.?
25 percent
What is the main product processed from snakehead fish waste in Ang Thong Fishery and Fishery Processing Cooperative Ltd.?
Fish sauce
What is the price of fish intestines in Ang Thong Fishery and Fishery Processing Cooperative Ltd.?
THB 1-2 per kilogram
What is the percentage of fish heads and bones in the total waste of Phan Fisheries Cooperative Ltd.?
80 percent
What is the price of fish heads and bones in Phan Fisheries Cooperative Ltd.?
THB 10 per kilogram
What is the primary product of Phan Fisheries Cooperative Ltd.?
All of the above
What is the price of fish scales in Phan Fisheries Cooperative Ltd.?
THB 18 per kilogram
What is the primary concern of the fish processing group in Ang Thong Fishery and Fishery Processing Cooperative Ltd.?
Chemical residues in their product
What is the percentage of fish waste that is utilized for value-added products in Ang Thong Fishery and Fishery Processing Cooperative Ltd.?
Not mentioned
What is the primary benefit of using fish silage as an animal feed or fertilizer?
Cost-effective and environmentally beneficial
Study Notes
Thailand's Fishery Industry and Waste Management
- Thailand's aquaculture industry has developed significantly since 1926, with a total area of approximately 513,120 km² and a total coastline of 2,815 km.
- In 2015, the area used for freshwater fish production was 819,883 rai, producing approximately 419,845 tonnes, with tilapia, hybrid catfish, and silver barb being the high-production species.
- The area used for marine fish production was 10,673 rai, producing approximately 19,508 tonnes, with seabass and grouper being the main species.
Fish Waste Generation and Utilization
- Fish waste is generated from the seafood processing industry, including wastewater and solid waste, which can cause environmental pollution and affect sanitation.
- Fish waste can be used to produce various value-added products such as proteins, amino acids, oil, minerals, enzymes, collagen, and gelatin.
- Waste from fish processing industries in Thailand has been reported to be utilized in various ways, including:
- 42% of shrimp waste used for animal feed and value-added products (chitin and chitosan)
- 37-45% of tuna waste used for fishmeal, animal feed, and value-added products
- 35-40% of canned tuna waste used for fishmeal and value-added products
- 36-41% of dried fish waste used for fishmeal, animal feed, and discard
- 23-40% of squid waste used for animal feed and value-added products
Fishmeal and Fish Silage
- Fishmeal is a high-protein ingredient used in livestock and aquatic animal feed.
- Fishmeal can be produced from fish waste, with a proximate analysis of 60.9% crude protein, 10.2% ether extract, 3.6% moisture, 0.7% crude fibre, and 24.1% ash.
- Fish silage is a liquid solution rich in low molecular nutrients, which can be used as food and feed.
- Fish silage can be produced from minced fish by-products or whole fish, with a preservative added to stabilize the mixture.
Shrimp Waste Utilization
- Shrimp waste is generated from the processing of shrimp, with heads, shells, and tails being removed during processing.
- Shrimp waste can be used to produce shrimp meal, which has a high protein content and is rich in amino acids.
- Shrimp waste can also be used to produce chito-oligosaccharides, which have prebiotic properties.
- Microwave irradiation can improve the nutrient quality and carotenoid concentration of shrimp waste.
Other Value-Added Products
- Fish oil can be produced from catfish processing waste using microwave pre-treatment and enzyme extraction.
- Fish gelatin can be produced from the skin of Pangasius bocourti, with a gel strength and viscosity of 485-550 g and 120-137 millipoises, respectively.
- Calcium powder can be made from fish bone, and hydroxyapatite from tilapia scales can be used as a functional food.
Fish Fertilizer
- Fish waste can be used as a fish fertilizer, with several reports on its utilization in this way.### Fish Waste Management and Utilization
- Fish waste can be turned into valuable products, such as fish sauce, fermented fish products, and chili paste fish products.
- In Ang Thong, fish waste is divided into four types: heads and bones, visceral parts (including eggs), intestines, and fish scales.
- Fish heads and bones are converted into fish sauce, while visceral parts are sold to restaurants or middlemen. Fish intestines are usually thrown away or sold to a catfish farm.
- Fish scales are dried and sold to collagen producers.
Fermentation Techniques
- The salt fermentation technique is accepted as the most beneficial fish waste management method in terms of economic and environmental impact.
- Microorganisms, such as Pichia membrainifaciens, Lactobacillus fermentum, Bacillus megaterium, B.subtilis, and Burkholderia unamae, are used in fermentation.
- Fermentation can be used to produce liquid fertilizer, which is beneficial for plant growth.
Case Study Sites
- Ang Thong province: snakehead fish production accounts for approximately 60% of total production.
- Chiang Rai province: tilapia is the main aquaculture species, with a total production of 12,351 tonnes in 2015.
- Pathum Thani province: tilapia and catfish are the main species produced.
Fish Waste Utilization in Each Province
- Ang Thong: fish waste is primarily used to produce fish sauce, fermented fish products, and chili paste fish products.
- Chiang Rai: fish waste is mainly used to produce frozen tilapia fillets, crispy tilapia with herbs, and fried salted tilapia.
- Pathum Thani: fish waste is distributed to fish fertilizer producers for vegetables and paddy fields, and visceral wastes are made into fish oil.
Recommendations
- Provide hands-on training to small-scale communities on fish silage production, storage, and utilization.
- Ensure proper management of liquid wastes from small-scale food processing to prevent water pollution.
- Consider relevant regulations, such as the Feed Quality Control Act (2015), when turning fish waste into animal feed or feed ingredients.
Thailand's Fishery Industry and Waste Management
- Thailand's aquaculture industry has developed significantly since 1926, with a total area of approximately 513,120 km² and a total coastline of 2,815 km.
- In 2015, the area used for freshwater fish production was 819,883 rai, producing approximately 419,845 tonnes, with tilapia, hybrid catfish, and silver barb being the high-production species.
- The area used for marine fish production was 10,673 rai, producing approximately 19,508 tonnes, with seabass and grouper being the main species.
Fish Waste Generation and Utilization
- Fish waste is generated from the seafood processing industry, including wastewater and solid waste, which can cause environmental pollution and affect sanitation.
- Fish waste can be used to produce various value-added products such as proteins, amino acids, oil, minerals, enzymes, collagen, and gelatin.
- Waste from fish processing industries in Thailand has been reported to be utilized in various ways, including:
- 42% of shrimp waste used for animal feed and value-added products (chitin and chitosan)
- 37-45% of tuna waste used for fishmeal, animal feed, and value-added products
- 35-40% of canned tuna waste used for fishmeal and value-added products
- 36-41% of dried fish waste used for fishmeal, animal feed, and discard
- 23-40% of squid waste used for animal feed and value-added products
Fishmeal and Fish Silage
- Fishmeal is a high-protein ingredient used in livestock and aquatic animal feed.
- Fishmeal can be produced from fish waste, with a proximate analysis of 60.9% crude protein, 10.2% ether extract, 3.6% moisture, 0.7% crude fibre, and 24.1% ash.
- Fish silage is a liquid solution rich in low molecular nutrients, which can be used as food and feed.
- Fish silage can be produced from minced fish by-products or whole fish, with a preservative added to stabilize the mixture.
Shrimp Waste Utilization
- Shrimp waste is generated from the processing of shrimp, with heads, shells, and tails being removed during processing.
- Shrimp waste can be used to produce shrimp meal, which has a high protein content and is rich in amino acids.
- Shrimp waste can also be used to produce chito-oligosaccharides, which have prebiotic properties.
- Microwave irradiation can improve the nutrient quality and carotenoid concentration of shrimp waste.
Other Value-Added Products
- Fish oil can be produced from catfish processing waste using microwave pre-treatment and enzyme extraction.
- Fish gelatin can be produced from the skin of Pangasius bocourti, with a gel strength and viscosity of 485-550 g and 120-137 millipoises, respectively.
- Calcium powder can be made from fish bone, and hydroxyapatite from tilapia scales can be used as a functional food.
Fish Fertilizer
- Fish waste can be used as a fish fertilizer, with several reports on its utilization in this way.### Fish Waste Management and Utilization
- Fish waste can be turned into valuable products, such as fish sauce, fermented fish products, and chili paste fish products.
- In Ang Thong, fish waste is divided into four types: heads and bones, visceral parts (including eggs), intestines, and fish scales.
- Fish heads and bones are converted into fish sauce, while visceral parts are sold to restaurants or middlemen. Fish intestines are usually thrown away or sold to a catfish farm.
- Fish scales are dried and sold to collagen producers.
Fermentation Techniques
- The salt fermentation technique is accepted as the most beneficial fish waste management method in terms of economic and environmental impact.
- Microorganisms, such as Pichia membrainifaciens, Lactobacillus fermentum, Bacillus megaterium, B.subtilis, and Burkholderia unamae, are used in fermentation.
- Fermentation can be used to produce liquid fertilizer, which is beneficial for plant growth.
Case Study Sites
- Ang Thong province: snakehead fish production accounts for approximately 60% of total production.
- Chiang Rai province: tilapia is the main aquaculture species, with a total production of 12,351 tonnes in 2015.
- Pathum Thani province: tilapia and catfish are the main species produced.
Fish Waste Utilization in Each Province
- Ang Thong: fish waste is primarily used to produce fish sauce, fermented fish products, and chili paste fish products.
- Chiang Rai: fish waste is mainly used to produce frozen tilapia fillets, crispy tilapia with herbs, and fried salted tilapia.
- Pathum Thani: fish waste is distributed to fish fertilizer producers for vegetables and paddy fields, and visceral wastes are made into fish oil.
Recommendations
- Provide hands-on training to small-scale communities on fish silage production, storage, and utilization.
- Ensure proper management of liquid wastes from small-scale food processing to prevent water pollution.
- Consider relevant regulations, such as the Feed Quality Control Act (2015), when turning fish waste into animal feed or feed ingredients.
This quiz assesses knowledge on fish waste management and the potential production of fish silage in Thailand, including its aquaculture industry and coastal factors.
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