First Aid for a Casualty with a Stoma

If you recognize a person breathes through a stoma, you should remove any coverings over the stoma before giving artificial respiration.

A tube coming out of the stoma should not be removed when giving artificial respiration to a casualty with a Stoma.

To keep a casualty's shoulders slightly elevated when giving AR to someone with a Stoma, you should put a pad under their knees.

When giving AR to a person breathing through a stoma, you should seal the mouth and nose with the hand closest to the feet.

Gastric distension occurs when air bypasses into the lungs causing bloating in a casualty.

It is crucial to maintain a clean air passage by using paper tissues to clean the stoma opening when giving artificial respiration.

In adult rescue breathing, you should give 1 breath every 3-5 seconds.

The second rescuer in two-rescuer BVM positions themselves at the casualty's head and places the mask over the nose and mouth.

In infant artificial respiration, you should give 1 breath every 3-5 seconds.

If the casualty has a suspected head/spinal injury, in adult rescue breathing, you should use mouth-to-mouth ventilation.

The thumb and first finger of each hand are used in a 'C' position to press the mask against the face in both adult and infant artificial respiration.

In two-rescuer BVM, the second rescuer should lift up on the jaw and Tilt the head back to open the airway.

In infant CPR, the rescuer should use only one thumb to provide compressions.

When using an advanced airway, there should be a pause in chest compressions to give breaths.

For infant CPR, the depth of chest compressions should be about 2 inches.

In CPR with two rescuers, the first rescuer gives 30 chest compressions at a rate of at least 120 per minute.

During defibrillation, if a shock is advised, the rescuer should immediately resume chest compressions after giving the shock.

For adult CPR with two or more rescuers, the ratio of chest compressions to breaths is 30:2.

During CPR, it is recommended to release pressure and remove weight at the bottom of each compression.

In CPR, for a team approach, one rescuer is responsible for both airway control and chest compressions.

If pediatric pads are not available during defibrillation, adult pads should be used instead.

It is recommended to change positions every 5 cycles (1 minute) during CPR.

Rescuers achieving a compression fraction of 80% can be considered to be operating as a high performance team in CPR.

A rescuer should only consider carrying an infant/child when activating the Emergency Medical Response System if the casualty is small enough and if injuries permit.

During CPR with an advanced airway in place, one breath should be given every 10 seconds with a pause in compressions.

Pulse/breathing checks should be performed every five minutes for at least 10 seconds but no longer than 15 seconds.

Infants and children with a pulse rate of more than 60 beats per minute and who show signs of poor perfusion despite oxygen and ventilation should receive chest compressions in addition to ventilations.

Artificial respiration should only be given to casualties with severe breathing difficulties.

When starting artificial respiration in an emergency situation, it is best if the casualty is on their stomach on a soft, flat surface.

Rescuers can give artificial respiration for only a short time before getting too tired.

High quality CPR includes a compression rate of 80-100 per minute.

A newborn is classified as an infant once they reach 1 year of age.

Health care providers must follow local protocols even if they contradict the information in the BLS chapter.

An AED should only be retrieved in case of an emergency if it is easily accessible.

Healthcare providers are not required to know how and when to activate their Emergency Medical Response system.

The depth of chest compressions for infant CPR should be approximately 1 inch.

A lone rescuer witnessing a child or infant collapse should not activate the Emergency Medical Response System and obtain and use the AED right away.

It is recommended to provide two minutes of CPR before activating Emergency Medical Services and obtaining the AED when a mobile device is not present.

In cases of asphyxia arrest, the lone rescuer should call for help using a landline phone to save time.

A lone rescuer should immediately provide two minutes of CPR when encountering an unwitnessed unresponsive adult casualty.

When two rescuers are present, both should immediately leave the scene to activate the Emergency Medical Response System.

For adult casualties in cardiac arrest, defibrillation and Advanced Life Support are not necessary.

In adult rescue breathing, the second rescuer positions themselves at the casualty's head and places the mask over the nose and mouth.

During infant artificial respiration, it is recommended to give 1 breath every 5-7 seconds.

It is advised to check the pulse approximately every 5 minutes during adult rescue breathing.

If a casualty has a suspected head/spinal injury, in adult rescue breathing, a jaw thrust should not be used.

During infant artificial respiration, the remaining fingers of EACH hand are used in an 'E' position to lift up on the chin.

In two-rescuer BVM, the first rescuer places the mask on the face and uses the thumb and first finger of EACH hand in a 'C' position to lift up on the chin.

If a casualty's stomach becomes distended, you should blow more slowly and with more air to relieve gastric distension.

In cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), it is important to check for breathing and a pulse simultaneously before beginning compressions.

A low heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute provides adequate circulation for cellular oxygenation.

In adult rescue breathing, you should give breaths at a rate higher than the recommended rate.

During CPR, if a casualty has a pulse rate of more than 60 beats per minute, chest compressions should be administered in addition to ventilations.

When starting artificial respiration in an emergency, it is recommended that the casualty is placed on their stomach on a soft, flat surface.

During infant CPR with one rescuer, the ratio of chest compressions to breaths is 30:2.

It is recommended to change positions every 5 cycles (1 minute) during infant CPR.

For infants, chest compressions should be given just above the nipple line using two fingers.

In infant CPR with two or more rescuers, the ratio of chest compressions to breaths is 15:2.

When an advanced airway is in place during CPR, there should be a pause in chest compressions to give breaths.

During defibrillation, if a shock is advised, the rescuer should CLEAR and give 2 shocks before resuming chest compressions.