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Questions and Answers
The basic elements of the Henry System of fingerprint classification are the:
The basic elements of the Henry System of fingerprint classification are the:
A line that splits into two and each one continues separately is called an:
A line that splits into two and each one continues separately is called an:
A ridge line that splits into two and then rejoins forming an enclosed pocket is called a(n):
A ridge line that splits into two and then rejoins forming an enclosed pocket is called a(n):
A ridge line that stops is called a(n):
A ridge line that stops is called a(n):
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A ridge line of minute length is called a(n):
A ridge line of minute length is called a(n):
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A _____ is a ridge line that connects one ridge to another.
A _____ is a ridge line that connects one ridge to another.
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A ridge line that divides into three is called a:
A ridge line that divides into three is called a:
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That part of the fingerprint that contains the ridges necessary to determine the classification is called the:
That part of the fingerprint that contains the ridges necessary to determine the classification is called the:
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The innermost ridges which start as parallel lines, diverge, and bound the pattern area are called the:
The innermost ridges which start as parallel lines, diverge, and bound the pattern area are called the:
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The imaginary point at which the type lines diverge is called the:
The imaginary point at which the type lines diverge is called the:
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The first fork or bifurcation nearest the center of divergence is called the:
The first fork or bifurcation nearest the center of divergence is called the:
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The _____ is the approximate center of the pattern located on or within the innermost looping ridge.
The _____ is the approximate center of the pattern located on or within the innermost looping ridge.
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All of the following are basic fingerprint groups except:
All of the following are basic fingerprint groups except:
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A(n) _____ is a series of ridges that enter from one side of the pattern and flow without interruption to the other side with a slight rise in the center.
A(n) _____ is a series of ridges that enter from one side of the pattern and flow without interruption to the other side with a slight rise in the center.
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A(n) ____ is a series of ridges that flow from one side of the pattern to the other with a sharp rise in the center.
A(n) ____ is a series of ridges that flow from one side of the pattern to the other with a sharp rise in the center.
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A(n) _____ is formed by one or more ridges entering one side of the pattern, curving around the core, and terminating on the same side at which they entered.
A(n) _____ is formed by one or more ridges entering one side of the pattern, curving around the core, and terminating on the same side at which they entered.
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In a(n) ____ loop, the ridges flow in the direction of the thumb of the hand.
In a(n) ____ loop, the ridges flow in the direction of the thumb of the hand.
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In a(n) ____ loop, the ridges flow in the direction of the little finger of the hand.
In a(n) ____ loop, the ridges flow in the direction of the little finger of the hand.
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In order to classify loops according to the direction of the flow of ridges, it is necessary to know:
In order to classify loops according to the direction of the flow of ridges, it is necessary to know:
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A(n) _____ is a pattern in which one or more ridges revolve around the core.
A(n) _____ is a pattern in which one or more ridges revolve around the core.
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All whorls have two or more:
All whorls have two or more:
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A ______, which resembles an ordinary loop, has a ridge which forms a circular pocket in the center of the pattern.
A ______, which resembles an ordinary loop, has a ridge which forms a circular pocket in the center of the pattern.
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A(n) ____ consists of two separate but not necessarily unconnected loop formations.
A(n) ____ consists of two separate but not necessarily unconnected loop formations.
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The FBI no longer distinguishes between twinned loops and lateral pocket loops. Both forms are considered part of a single classification, the:
The FBI no longer distinguishes between twinned loops and lateral pocket loops. Both forms are considered part of a single classification, the:
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The ____ derives its name from the unusual formation of the ridge pattern which does not conform to any of the rules that apply to the other patterns.
The ____ derives its name from the unusual formation of the ridge pattern which does not conform to any of the rules that apply to the other patterns.
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Marking the pattern symbol below each pattern on a fingerprint card is called:
Marking the pattern symbol below each pattern on a fingerprint card is called:
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A slanted line in the direction of the pattern is the symbol for a:
A slanted line in the direction of the pattern is the symbol for a:
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In blocking out, the appropriate capital letter is placed under ____ for all patterns except the ulnar loop.
In blocking out, the appropriate capital letter is placed under ____ for all patterns except the ulnar loop.
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In blocking out, the appropriate small letter is placed under ____ for all patterns except the ulnar loop.
In blocking out, the appropriate small letter is placed under ____ for all patterns except the ulnar loop.
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The classification of _____ depends largely on ridge counting.
The classification of _____ depends largely on ridge counting.
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In classifying _____, the ridge count is the number of ridges counted on an imaginary straight line drawn from the delta to the core.
In classifying _____, the ridge count is the number of ridges counted on an imaginary straight line drawn from the delta to the core.
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In classifying _____, a ridge count is made between a tracing line connecting the two deltas and the right delta. Depending on the position of the ridges in relation to the delta and the number of ridges counted will determine if the _____ are inner, meeting, or outer.
In classifying _____, a ridge count is made between a tracing line connecting the two deltas and the right delta. Depending on the position of the ridges in relation to the delta and the number of ridges counted will determine if the _____ are inner, meeting, or outer.
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In determining the _____ classification, numerical values are assigned to each finger which is counted only when the finger is a whorl.
In determining the _____ classification, numerical values are assigned to each finger which is counted only when the finger is a whorl.
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The _____ classification is the assignment of letters to the fingers. It takes the form of a fraction with the letters representing the right hand as the numerator and the letters representing the left hand as the denominator.
The _____ classification is the assignment of letters to the fingers. It takes the form of a fraction with the letters representing the right hand as the numerator and the letters representing the left hand as the denominator.
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In a ______ classification, only loops and whorls on the three middle fingers are considered and are classified by ridge counting.
In a ______ classification, only loops and whorls on the three middle fingers are considered and are classified by ridge counting.
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The ___ classification is a number indicating a ridge count on the little finger.
The ___ classification is a number indicating a ridge count on the little finger.
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In the National Crime Information Center's fingerprint classification (NCIC FPC) system, each finger is represented by ______ characters.
In the National Crime Information Center's fingerprint classification (NCIC FPC) system, each finger is represented by ______ characters.
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An automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) consists of two technological instruments: (1) a scanning machine which translates the images of a fingerprint into a _____; and (2) a computer.
An automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) consists of two technological instruments: (1) a scanning machine which translates the images of a fingerprint into a _____; and (2) a computer.
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Minutiae are the points at which ____ lines end or split.
Minutiae are the points at which ____ lines end or split.
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The AFIS scanning machine will record all of the following information concerning the minutiae of a fingerprint except:
The AFIS scanning machine will record all of the following information concerning the minutiae of a fingerprint except:
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The AFIS scanning machine has the ability to process up to 100 minutiae for each fingerprint, although it can make an identification using as little as ____ minutiae.
The AFIS scanning machine has the ability to process up to 100 minutiae for each fingerprint, although it can make an identification using as little as ____ minutiae.
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The AFIS computer compares the numerical code of the 'questioned' print with the _____ of the 'known' prints on file.
The AFIS computer compares the numerical code of the 'questioned' print with the _____ of the 'known' prints on file.
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At the end of an AFIS search, the computer will list and rank, in probable order, the _____ most closely resembles the 'questioned' print.
At the end of an AFIS search, the computer will list and rank, in probable order, the _____ most closely resembles the 'questioned' print.
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In an AFIS search, ______ will make a decision on a possible match.
In an AFIS search, ______ will make a decision on a possible match.
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Study Notes
Henry System of Fingerprint Classification
- Basic elements include ridges, pattern areas, type lines, and bifurcations; ridges are fundamental.
- Ridges that split into two and continue separately are termed forks or bifurcations.
Ridge Line Structures
- An inclosure or island forms when a ridge splits and re-joins, creating an enclosed pocket.
- An ending ridge is defined as a ridge line that stops; a dot is a short ridge line.
- A bridge connects two ridges; trifurcation divides into three.
Key Fingerprint Features
- The pattern area contains ridges necessary for classification.
- Type lines are the innermost ridges that bound the pattern area and start as parallel lines.
- The delta is the first bifurcation nearest the center of divergence in a fingerprint.
Fingerprint Patterns
- Basic fingerprint groups include arches, loops, and whorls; accidentals do not qualify as basic groups.
- A plain arch has ridges that flow uninterrupted from one side to another; a tented arch has a sharp rise in the center.
- Loops are formed by ridges entering on one side, curving, and exiting on the same side; ulnar loops flow towards the little finger, radial loops towards the thumb.
Classification and Ridge Counting
- To classify loops, knowledge of which hand the impression comes from is essential.
- Whorls are characterized by ridges that revolve around a core and contain two or more deltas.
- Classification involves determining ridge counts for loops and whorls by drawing lines between deltas and cores.
Fingerprint Classifications
- Primary classification assigns numerical values to fingerprints with only whorls counted.
- Secondary classification involves letters assigned to fingers, analogous to a fraction where the right hand is the numerator and the left is the denominator.
- Sub-secondary classification considers only loops and whorls on the middle fingers.
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
- AFIS includes a scanning machine converting fingerprints to numerical codes, processed by a computer.
- Minutiae are critical; they mark where ridge lines end or split.
- AFIS can identify prints using as few as 8 minutiae, though it processes up to 100 per fingerprint.
AFIS Search Process
- The system compares the questioned print's numerical code with known fingerprints in the database.
- At the end of the process, an AFIS search lists individuals most resembling the questioned print; a technician ultimately decides on potential matches.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the Henry System of fingerprint classification with these flashcards. Explore key concepts such as ridges, bifurcations, and pattern areas that are essential for understanding fingerprint analysis.
