Questions and Answers
Who took on the task of establishing the identity of recidivists through a more scientific means?
What is the name of the standard method of identification based on body measurements?
Anthropology
Who described nine classifiable fingerprint patterns?
Dr. Purkinje
Who devised a method to record fingerprint impressions?
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In _________, Dr. Henry Faulds published an article about fingerprints.
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Who formulated a classification system based on fingerprint patterns?
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Who created an expanded fingerprint classification system?
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What was the Henry Classification System formulated for?
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What is NCIC an acronym for?
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Fingerprint classification is part of the NCIC database.
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Who published the book 'Finger Prints' in 1892?
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Who suggested using fingerprints in criminal investigations?
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Which three regions established palm print classification systems?
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In 1886, ________________ offered to establish a fingerprinting bureau in Scotland Yard.
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The ______________ palm print classification had a numeric primary and a secondary in fraction form.
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The first experiment with computer automation of known-print cards took place at the _________________.
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In the NCIC fingerprint classification system, the NCIC code for a ________________ loop is the actual ridge count.
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In the NCIC fingerprint classification system, the NCIC code for a _____________ loop is the ridge count plus 50.
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In the Henry System, the primary is determined by the presence of ___________________ in the fingerprint.
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The denominator of the primary (Henry class) represents the whorl values of the _________________ fingers plus 1.
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The Henry Classification began being used in _____________ in 1897.
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Study Notes
Key Figures in Fingerprint Classification
- Alphonse Bertillon: Established a scientific method for identifying recidivists through body measurements.
- Dr. Purkinje: Defined nine classifiable fingerprint patterns, contributing to the classification system.
- Dr. Henry Faulds: Innovated the method of recording fingerprints using ink on cards; published findings on fingerprint individuality in 1880.
- Sir Francis Galton: Author of "Finger Prints" in 1892, reinforced the ideas of fingerprint permanence and uniqueness.
Classification Systems
- Galton's Classification: Developed a system based on three primary fingerprint patterns: loop (L), whorl (W), and arch (A).
- Juan Vucetich: Expanded on Galton's classification system to create a more comprehensive fingerprint classification.
- Henry Classification System: Formulated in 1897 by Henry with Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose, devising a mathematical approach for fingerprint categorization based on Galton's patterns.
Databases and Systems
- NCIC (National Crime Information Center): Established as the central electronic database for criminal records by the FBI, interconnected all states and the District of Columbia by 1971.
- Fingerprint classification: An integral part of the NCIC database functions.
Applications and Considerations
- Palmar Prints: Separate classification systems developed in Western Australia, Liverpool, and Brogger Moller for palm prints.
- Faulds' Proposal: Offered to set up a fingerprint bureau at Scotland Yard in 1886 but was declined.
Technical Aspects
- NCIC Loop Classification: Ulnar loops are coded by actual ridge count, while radial loops add 50 to the ridge count for classification.
- Henry System Whorl Pattern: Primary classification in the Henry System is determined by the presence of whorl patterns across the 10 fingers, with specific value assignments.
- Numerical Representation: The denominator in the Henry class indicates cumulative whorl values of odd-numbered fingers plus one.
Global Adoption
- Origin of Henry Classification: Began implementation in India in 1897, marking its adoption beyond the original context.
These points provide a comprehensive overview of the significant developments and figures in fingerprint classification systems.
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Description
Explore the pioneering contributions of key figures in the field of fingerprint classification. Learn about Alphonse Bertillon's body measurement techniques, Dr. Purkinje's classification patterns, and the innovations of Sir Francis Galton. Discover how these foundational developments shaped modern fingerprint analysis.
