Pharma W8: Female & Male Reproductive System

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of pituitary gonadotropin hormones in female reproductive health?

Regulating body temperature

Promoting hair growth

Enhancing immune response

Hormonal communication between the pituitary gland and the ovaries (correct)

Which hormone is synthesized from cholesterol in ovarian follicles?

Progestin

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Estradiol (correct)

What are the two types of synthetic exogenous estrogenic drugs?

Biologic and Recombinant

Steroidal and Nonsteroidal (correct)

Natural and Herbal

Synthetic and Pure

Which of the following is NOT a major endogenous estrogen?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of estrogens in women's health?

Increase bone density Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a nonsteroidal synthetic estrogen?

Diethylstilbestrol Signup and view all the answers

What defines the basic chemical structure of steroid hormones?

Four rings forming a steroid backbone Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of estrogen in the development of female secondary sex characteristics?

Promoting fat distribution and breast development Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tissues have a high number of estrogen receptors?

Female genital organs and breasts Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the most serious adverse effects associated with estrogen therapy?

Thromboembolic events Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is NOT indicated for estrogen administration?

Active thromboembolic disorder Signup and view all the answers

What effect do estrogens have when interacting with oral anticoagulants?

Decreases their activity Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use for progestins?

Preventing ovulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions would contraindicate the use of estrogens?

Pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with using estrogen therapies?

Nausea Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is the natural form associated with progestins?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What should a patient do if an erection lasts more than 4 hours while taking sildenafil?

Contact their healthcare provider Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of action for contraceptive drugs?

Inhibit release of gonadotropins Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diuretic is more potent and often used for heart failure-related edema?

Loop diuretics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an adverse effect of contraceptive drugs?

Hair loss Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a nursing implication for men's health drugs?

Increase dosage after a week if no effects occur Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for balancing extracellular water distribution?

Colloid osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

When is hormone replacement therapy (HRT) generally recommended?

Shortly before menopause Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be a consequence of prolonged estrogen therapy after discontinuation?

Need for bone mineral density assessment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following combinations constitutes the most commonly used oral contraceptives?

Estrogens and progestins Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential interaction of progestins with diabetes medications?

Increases serum glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual method of administering testosterone in clinical practice?

Topical or parenteral forms Signup and view all the answers

What condition can estrogen therapy be used to treat in conjunction with progestins?

Functional uterine bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What electrolyte imbalances are most commonly treated?

Sodium and potassium imbalances Signup and view all the answers

Which medication combination is contraindicated with sildenafil?

Nitrates Signup and view all the answers

What primary role does testosterone play in the male reproductive system?

Supports development of male secondary sex characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect associated with the use of anabolic steroids?

Fluid retention Signup and view all the answers

How do 5-α reductase inhibitors primarily function in the treatment of BPH?

By blocking the effects of androgens Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in men's health?

Manage erectile dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is a prototypical 5-α reductase inhibitor used to treat BPH?

Finasteride Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored if a patient is using sildenafil?

For signs of priapism Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant contraindication for the use of finasteride?

Pregnant women Signup and view all the answers

Which drug class is associated with enhancing erythropoiesis?

Androgens Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary effect of the anabolic activity of anabolic steroids?

Synthesis of body proteins Signup and view all the answers

What effect can concurrent use of erectile dysfunction drugs and nitrates cause?

Severe hypotension Signup and view all the answers

Which androgen is known for its high first-pass effect when administered orally?

Methyltestosterone Signup and view all the answers

What can be a result of long-term usage of anabolic steroids?

Sterility Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommendation for a patient who misses a contraceptive dose?

Use backup contraception and avoid vaginal sex. Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing implication is crucial when assessing patients on men's health drugs?

Collect a complete medical history including contraindications Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the mechanism of action of androgens?

Promoting normal growth of male sex organs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is known to decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives?

Penicillins Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of tocolytics in pregnant patients?

Delay delivery to administer steroids for lung development. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis?

High body weight Signup and view all the answers

How does alendronate contribute to osteoporosis management?

Prevents breakdown of bone and increases density. Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with the use of raloxifene?

Hot flashes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for the use of uterine stimulants?

Drug allergy Signup and view all the answers

What should women receiving estrogen and progestin be cautioned about?

Photosensitivity and the need to wear sunscreen. Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is primarily used to induce labor?

Oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

What class of medications can cause severe hypertension when combined with uterine stimulants?

Sympathomimetics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding osteoporosis is accurate?

Commonly affects postmenopausal women. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nursing implications should be followed when administering uterine relaxants?

Assess baseline vital signs and medication history. Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used to prevent postpartum uterine bleeding?

Prostaglandins Signup and view all the answers

What potential side effect can occur from excessive stimulation of uterine stimulants?

Headache and dizziness Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Female Reproductive System

Consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, & vulva.
Development and maintenance controlled by pituitary gonadotropin hormones and female sex hormones: estrogens and progestins

Female Sex Hormones

Estrogens:
- Three major types: estradiol, estrone, estriol.
- Synthesized from cholesterol in ovarian follicles.
- Responsible for development & maintenance of female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
Progestins:
- Synthetic version of progesterone.
- Responsible for endometrial tissue proliferation, increased basal body temperature, thickening of vaginal mucosa, relaxation of uterine smooth muscle, and alteration of menstrual blood flow.

Pituitary Gonadotropin Hormones

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH).
Regulate menstrual cycle through hormonal communication between pituitary gland and ovaries.

Estrogenic Drugs

Used when there is underproduction of endogenous estrogens.
Two types: steroidal and nonsteroidal.
Examples: conjugated estrogens (Premarin®), estradiol transdermal (Climara®, Divigel®), estradiol vaginal ring (Estring®).
Mechanism of action: Bind to intracellular estrogen receptors, stimulating synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins.
Indications: Treatment or prevention of estrogen deficiency disorders, oral contraception, hysterectomy, uterine bleeding, vasomotor spasms of menopause, osteoporosis, breast cancer, ovarian failure, cross-gender hormone treatment, severe acne.

Progestational Drugs

Examples: levonorgestrel (Min-Ovral®), medroxyprogesterone (Provera®, Depo-Provera®), megestrol (Megace®), norethindrone acetate (Norlutate®), progesterone (Prometrium®).
Indications: Treatment of functional uterine bleeding, primary & secondary amenorrhea, cancers, endometriosis.
Contraindications: Similar to estrogens, including drug allergy, estrogen-dependent cancer, undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding, pregnancy, active thromboembolic disorder.

Contraceptive Drugs

Prevent pregnancy through inhibition of ovulation and increased uterine mucus viscosity.
Types: Oral contraceptive medications, IUD, long-acting injectable medroxyprogesterone, transdermal contraceptive patch, contraceptive vaginal ring.
Indications: Primarily for preventing pregnancy, but also used for treatment of endometriosis, hypermenorrhea, amenorrhea.

Osteoporosis

Low bone density and deterioration of bone tissue, increasing fracture risk.
Primarily affects women.
Risk factors: gender, age, fragility fracture over 40, history of hip or vertebral fracture, medical conditions, smoking, alcohol use, menopause before 45, low estrogen levels, weight under 60 kg.
Treatment options: bisphosphonates, SERMs, hormones, denosumab.

Uterine Stimulants

Medications used to increase uterine contractions to promote labor progression.
Used to promote labor, reduce postpartum hemorrhage, promote uterine shrinkage.
Types: oxytocin, prostaglandins, ergot derivatives.
Contraindications: drug allergy, pelvic inflammatory disease, placenta previa, uterine prolapse.

Tocolytics

Inhibit labor and maintain pregnancy.
Used to delay delivery to allow fetal lung development (glucocorticoid administration).
Used to stop premature labor (20th to 37th week of gestation).
Nonpharmacological measures: bed rest, sedation, hydration.

Men's Reproductive System

Consists of testes, seminiferous tubules, and androgens (testosterone being the most well-known).

Androgens

Testosterone: responsible for development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, bone and muscle tissue development, inhibition of protein catabolism, electrolyte retention, and red blood cell production.
Anabolic steroids: chemical derivatives of testosterone with high anabolic activity, often misused by athletes. Examples: oxandrolone, nandrolone.
Mechanism of action: stimulate growth and development of male sex organs, maintain secondary sex characteristics, increase protein synthesis, enhance red blood cell production.

Prostate Drugs: Androgen Inhibitors

Block the effects of androgens, inhibiting growth.
Examples: finasteride (Proscar®), dutasteride.
Used for treating symptomatic BPH, preventing thinning hair in male pattern baldness.

Prostate Drugs: α1-Adrenergic Blockers

Used for symptomatic relief of obstruction caused by BPH.
Examples: tamsulosin (Flomax®), doxazosin (Cardura®), terazosin (Hytrin®).
Provide immediate clinical effects of prostate shrinkage compared to 5-α reductase inhibitors.

Drugs to Treat Erectile Dysfunction: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED).
Examples: sildenafil (Viagra®), tadalafil (Cialis®).
Mechanism of action: cause relaxation of smooth muscle in the penis, permitting blood inflow for erection.
If erection lasts longer than 4 hours, seek medical attention immediately.

Nursing Implications: Women’s Health Drugs

Assess baseline vital signs, weight, blood glucose levels, renal and liver function, and smoking history.
Assess medication history, contraindications, and potential pregnancy.
Follow specific administration guidelines for uterine relaxants or stimulants.
Monitor patient's vital signs and fetal condition.
For estrogens and progestins, use the lowest effective dose for the shortest time possible.
Educate patients on correct self-administration and report any weight gain.
Advise patients to complete annual follow-up examinations.

Nursing Implications: Men’s Health Drugs

Assess complete history including medication history, urinary elimination problems, and potential contraindications.
Obtain baseline vital signs, weight, height, serum electrolyte levels, and PSA if relevant to prostate concerns.
Assess renal and liver function and current medications for potential interactions.
Follow specific administration guidelines and educate patients on proper administration techniques.
Monitor for therapeutic responses.
For men with erectile dysfunction, seek immediate medical attention if erection lasts longer than 4 hours.### Diuretics
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, loop diuretics, osmotic diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics are five main types of diuretics.
Loop diuretics are more potent than thiazides, potassium-sparing, and combination diuretics
Furosemide is more likely used for edema associated with heart failure than for routine management of HTN
Hypotension and electrolyte disturbances are common concerns with diuretic use.
Caution is advised when using diuretics in patients who are older, have chronic illness, and/or with renal or hepatic compromise.

Fluid Volume and Administration

Total body water is primarily in the intracellular space.
The extracellular space is primarily divided across the interstitial space and the intravascular space (plasma).
Extracellular water distribution is a balance between colloid osmotic pressure and intravascular hydrostatic pressure.
Normal saline is an inexpensive means of increasing extracellular volume and does not typically interact with medications.
Colloids are indicated for increasing intravascular volume with a reduced risk of shifting to the interstitial space.
Hypertonic solutions, potassium solutions, and various blood products are more likely to be irritating to veins.

Electrolytes and Blood Products

Na and K imbalances are the most commonly treated electrolyte imbalances.
Blood products must be given only with 0.9% sodium chloride.

Contraceptives, Uterine Stimulants and Relaxants

The most commonly used form of oral contraceptives is a combination of estrogens and progestins.
Uterine stimulants include oxytocin, prostaglandins, and ergot derivatives.
Uterine relaxants are used to stop preterm labor.

Osteoporosis Treatments

Drugs used to treat osteoporosis include bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, calcitonin, and denosumab.
Bisphosphonates are the commonly prescribed medications for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Men's Health Drugs

The most commonly used men's health drugs are finasteride (BPH), sildenafil (ED), and testosterone.
Nitrates are contraindicated if patients are taking sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, or alprostadil.
Oral testosterone use is uncommon, typically topical or parenteral.

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Description

Explore the key components of the female reproductive system, including ovaries, fallopian tubes, and hormones. Understand the roles of estrogen and progestin in development and maintenance, along with the function of pituitary gonadotropin hormones. Test your knowledge on estrogenic drugs and their applications.