Female Reproductive System Anatomy
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Female Reproductive System Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the breasts?

  • Lactation (correct)
  • Hormone regulation
  • Protection of the thoracic cavity
  • Sexual stimulation

    • Which hormone is responsible for stimulating milk synthesis in the breasts?

  • Prolactin (correct)
  • Oxytocin
  • Estrogen
  • Luteinizing hormone

    • What is the characteristic of an imperforate hymen?

  • It has a large opening
  • It has no opening (correct)
  • It is completely absent
  • It is partially closed with multiple perforations

    • What are Montgomery tubercles responsible for?

    <p>Lubricating the nipple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can alter the appearance of the hymen in females who have not been sexually active?

    <p>Heavy physical exertion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is secreted a few days after childbirth, characterized by higher minerals and protein content?

    <p>Colostrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sucking actions play in lactation?

    <p>Stimulate hormone release for milk ejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fourchette is defined as which of the following?

    <p>Ridge of tissue joining the labia minora and labia majora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the female reproductive system?

    <p>To produce sex hormones and functional ova</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies the anatomical structures considered part of the vulva?

    <p>Mons pubis and labia majora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The labia minora serves primarily which purpose?

    <p>To lubricate the vulva and respond to stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Bartholin's glands in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To provide lubrication during sexual arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the perineum?

    <p>It can become lacerated or incised during childbirth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which external sex organ is analogous to the penis in males and is focused on sexual excitement?

    <p>Clitoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an episiotomy during childbirth?

    <p>To increase the vaginal diameter for easier delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mons pubis primarily serves which function in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To protect the symphysis pubis during sexual activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) during the preovulatory phase?

    <p>A drop in progesterone and estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to regulate the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the follicular phase, what role does the growing follicle play?

    <p>It becomes a temporary endocrine gland secreting estrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change typically indicates that ovulation is occurring?

    <p>Secretion of increased luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of an ovum after ovulation?

    <p>24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ruptured follicle after ovulation?

    <p>It forms a corpus luteum, secreting progesterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increased estrogen influence follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production?

    <p>It inhibits FSH production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign experienced by some women during ovulation?

    <p>Slight pain known as mittelschmerz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why dysmenorrhea is more common in nulliparous women?

    <p>They may have a lesser tolerance to menstrual cramps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

    <p>Excessive bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could potentially cause menorrhagia?

    <p>Hormonal disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common systemic symptom experienced during dysmenorrhea?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT serve as a recommended management strategy for dysmenorrhea?

    <p>Increased salt intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a plausible cause of metrorrhagia?

    <p>Infection causing vaginal irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) most commonly linked to?

    <p>Exposure to Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary guideline may help alleviate symptoms of PMS?

    <p>Eliminate processed foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone produced by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs immediately if pregnancy does not take place after ovulation?

    <p>The corpus luteum degenerates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the menstrual cycle does not involve ovulation?

    <p>Menses phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines primary amenorrhea?

    <p>Absence of menstruation by age 17.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What time frame is characteristic of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

    <p>3 to 14 days prior to the menstrual period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic volume of menstrual flow during the menstrual phase?

    <p>50 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a potential cause of secondary amenorrhea?

    <p>An anatomical abnormality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase does the endometrial lining prepare for a potential fertilization?

    <p>Luteal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Female Reproductive System Anatomy and Physiology

    • External Sex Organs

      • Vulva: The entire female region of external sex organs.
      • Mons Pubis: Fatty tissue and skin covered with pubic hair after puberty. Protects the symphysis pubis during sexual intercourse.
      • Vestibule: Consists of the clitoris, urethral meatus, and the vaginal introitus.
      • Labia Majora: Outer lips; tissue folds from mons to perineum surrounding the rest of the female genitals.
      • Labia Minora: Inner lips; pink tissue folds between vestibule and labia majora; no hair. Lubricate the vulva, swell in response to stimulation, and are highly sensitive.
      • Clitoris: A short erectile organ at the top of the vaginal vestibule whose function is sexual excitation.
      • Urethral Meatus: The opening of the urethra.
      • Vaginal Introitus: The vaginal entrance.
      • Perineum: Skin-covered muscular area between the vaginal opening (introitus) and the anus. Aids in constricting the urinary, vaginal, and anal opening. Can become lacerated or incised during childbirth.
        • Episiotomy: Incising the perineum area to provide more space for the presenting part during birth.
      • Bartholin's Glands: Lie on either side of the vaginal opening. Produce a fucoids substance, which provides lubrication for intercourse.
      • Fourchette: Ridge of tissue formed by the posterior joining of the labia minora and labia majora.
      • Hymen: Stratified squamous epithelium membrane that partially closes (perforated) mucosa-covered tissue across the vaginal introitus.
        • Imperforate Hymen: No opening.
        • Absent Hymen: May be absent in some cases.
        • Torn Hymen: Torn with the first sexual intercourse. Heavy physical exertion, use of tampons, or injury to the area can alter the appearance in girls and women who have not been sexually active.

    • Breasts

      • Part of the external female reproductive system.
      • External structures: nipple, areola (darker area around the nipples), and Montgomery tubercles (glands that produce a lubricant).
      • Primary function: Lactation
      • Hormonal influences:
        • Estrogen: Develops breasts.
        • Progesterone: Secretes milk.
      • Sucking stimulates the pituitary gland to release:
        • Prolactin: Begins milk synthesis.
        • Oxytocin: Releases milk.
      • Colostrum: Dark yellow fluid secreted a few days after childbirth. Contains more minerals and protein, but less sugar and fat than mature breast milk.
      • Hormones involved in breast development and milk production:
        • Prolactin:
          • Source: Anterior Pituitary
          • Targets & Functions: Stimulates alveoli of breasts to produce milk
        • Estrogen, Progesterone, Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Secreted from the hypothalamus, induces the release of FSH and LH to assist with ovulation.

    Menstrual Cycle

    • Preovulatory Phase (Days 6-13): Also known as the proliferative phase or follicular phase.

      • Triggers: A drop in progesterone and estrogen stimulates the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary (under the control of the hypothalamus).
      • FSH: Stimulates the maturation of an ovum with a graafian follicle.
      • Estrogen: Growing follicle becomes a temporary endocrine gland, secreting increasing amounts of estrogen which inhibits FSH production in the pituitary.

    • Ovulation (Day 14): Occurs anywhere from 12 - 16 days before the next menstrual flow.

      • LH Surge: When estrogen levels reach their peak, the pituitary releases a surge of LH.
      • Ovulation: LH surge causes the release of the ovum.
      • Ovum Lifespan: Approximately 24 hours before it dies unless it meets a sperm.
      • Ruptured Follicle: After ovulation, begins to secrete progesterone and backs off on estrogen secretion.
      • Signs of Ovulation: Increase in body temperature, changes in cervical mucus, slight pain (mittelschmerz), and softening of the cervix.

    • Postovulatory Phase (Days 15 - 28): Also called the luteal or secretory phase.

      • Corpus Luteum: Cells of the follicle remain in the ovary (renamed as "corpus luteum").
      • Progesterone: Produced by the corpus luteum under the effects of high levels of LH. Inhibits release of LH from the pituitary gland.
      • Endometrium: Progesterone maintains the thickened endometrium in case fertilization occurs.
      • Corpus Luteum Degeneration (Ischemic Phase): If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum will degenerate.

    • Menses Phase (Days 1 - 5):

      • Triggers: Lack of signal from a fertilized egg influences the drop in estrogen and progesterone production.
      • Endometrial Sloughing: A drop in progesterone results in the sloughing off of the thickened endometrial lining, which is the menstrual flow.
      • Duration: Menstrual flow for 3-7 days.
      • Volume: About 50 ml of blood.

    Menstrual Problems

    • Amenorrhea: Absence of menses during the reproductive years.

      • Primary Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation by age of 17. May be related to anatomical or genetic abnormalities.
      • Secondary Amenorrhea: Absence of menses for three cycles or 6 months in women who have previously menstruated regularly. May result from nutritional deficits, excessive exercise, emotional disturbances, endocrine dysfunction, side effects of medication, pregnancy, and lactation.

    • Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS): Occurs 3 to 14 days prior to the menstrual period, during the postovulatory/luteal phase, and is relieved by the onset of menses.

      • Symptoms: Weight gain, irritability, mood swings, edema, headache, inability to concentrate, food cravings, acne.
      • Management: Pharmacological interventions, diet (eliminate processed foods, sugar, caffeine, soda, alcohol), exercise, and decreasing salt intake.

    • Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation, also called "menstrual cramps."

      • Common in: Nulliparous women and women who are not having intercourse.
      • Symptoms: Sharp, intermittent spasms of pain in the suprapubic area, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, headache, dizziness, bloating, water retention, weight gain, breast tenderness.
      • Management: NSAIDs, analgesia, adequate rest and sleep, regular exercise, showers, and heating pad.

    • Menorrhagia: Excessive bleeding during a menstrual period.

      • Causes: Hormonal disturbances, infections, and growths inside the uterus.
      • Complications: Anemia from chronic blood loss.

    • Metrorrhagia: Bleeding between menstrual periods.

      • Causes: Normal in adolescents with spotting at the time of ovulation, oral contraceptive drugs, vaginal irritation from infection, and low-level progesterone production.

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    Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology (2nd Lecture) PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricacies of the female reproductive system, focusing on the anatomy and physiology of external sex organs. This quiz covers essential components like the vulva, labia, clitoris, and more, providing a comprehensive understanding of their functions and interactions.

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