210 Questions
What structures are included in the male reproductive system?
Testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland
Where are the testes located in the male reproductive system?
scrotum
Testosterone and sperm production in males begin at puberty and continue until death. True or False?
True
Spermatogenesis is the process that produces ________.
sperm
Match the following male reproductive system components with their functions:
Seminal vesicles = Secrete fluids that nourish sperm Prostate gland = Produces substances that activate sperm Testes = Produce testosterone and sperm
What is the primary hormone responsible for stimulating spermatogenesis?
testosterone
Where are eggs produced in the female reproductive system?
Ovaries
Fertilization usually occurs in the uterus in the human female reproductive system. True or False?
False
What type of cell does the primary oocyte develop into during oogenesis?
secondary oocyte
Which hormone stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary during the menstrual cycle?
GnRH
The scrotum is a pouch that hangs inside the main body cavity.
False
Interstitial cells are located inside the seminiferous tubules.
False
Sertoli cells give rise to sperm.
False
Meiotic cell division occurs in the spermatogonia.
False
The epididymis is a gland that secretes substances that activate and nourish sperm.
False
The urethra is responsible for conducting sperm out of the body.
True
The prostate gland is responsible for storing sperm.
False
The bulbourethral glands produce testosterone.
False
Sperm production in males occurs in a cyclical manner.
False
The seminal vesicles produce sperm.
False
Inhibin is produced by interstitial cells of the testes to regulate spermatogenesis.
False
FSH stimulates the production of testosterone in the testes.
False
High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH.
True
The female reproductive system consists of the testes and accessory structures.
False
The primary oocyte develops into a secondary oocyte during meiosis II.
False
The vagina serves as the birth canal and produces eggs.
False
Negative feedback regulates testicular function to maintain constant levels of sperm production.
True
During oogenesis, almost all the cytoplasm is included in the polar body.
False
The uterine tube is where the sperm and egg usually meet during fertilization.
True
Estrogen is produced by the ovaries during the menstrual cycle.
True
Spermatogonia are haploid cells that undergo meiotic cell division.
False
Each primary spermatocyte gives rise to three haploid secondary spermatocytes.
False
Spermatids differentiate into sperm through further cell division.
False
Sertoli cells produce sperm in the human male reproductive system.
False
The acrosome is a sac of enzymes that dissolves the protective layers of the sperm.
False
The mitochondria in the mid-piece of the sperm provide energy for the development of the embryo.
False
Human sperm have a large amount of cytoplasm in their head.
False
The tail of the sperm is a short flagellum.
False
Spermatogenesis occurs in the epididymis.
False
The seminiferous tubules are surrounded by Sertoli cells.
False
The secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II immediately after ovulation.
False
The first polar body can undergo meiosis II.
True
The ovary produces only estrogen during the menstrual cycle.
False
FSH stimulates the release of LH from the anterior pituitary.
False
The surge of LH causes the follicle to erupt through the surface of the ovary, releasing its primary oocyte.
False
The polarity of the secondary oocyte is due to the high concentration of cytoplasm it contains.
False
The follicle cells release progesterone into the bloodstream.
False
The hypothalamus secretes GnRH once a week.
False
The polar body is a large cell capable of being fertilized by sperm.
False
Meiosis II occurs in the absence of fertilization.
False
What is the advantage of the testes being located outside the main body cavity?
The testes being located outside the main body cavity keeps them about 1° to 6°F (0.5° to 3°C) cooler than the core of the body, which promotes sperm development.
What is the role of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules?
Sertoli cells nourish the developing sperm and regulate their growth.
What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?
The epididymis stores sperm and conducts them out of the body.
What is the process by which a spermatogonium develops into a primary spermatocyte?
A spermatogonium divides by mitotic cell division, and one of its daughter cells becomes a primary spermatocyte.
What is the function of the interstitial cells in the testes?
Interstitial cells synthesize testosterone.
What is the purpose of the fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands?
The fluid adds nutrients and protects the sperm as they travel through the male reproductive system.
What is the significance of meiotic cell division in spermatogenesis?
Meiotic cell division reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in haploid sperm.
What is the role of inhibin in regulating spermatogenesis?
Inhibin is produced by Sertoli cells to regulate spermatogenesis by providing negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
What is the function of the acrosome in sperm?
The acrosome is a sac of enzymes that dissolves the protective layers of the sperm, allowing it to penetrate the egg during fertilization.
What is the relationship between GnRH, LH, and FSH in regulating the menstrual cycle?
GnRH stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary, which in turn regulate the menstrual cycle.
What is the main function of Sertoli cells in the human male reproductive system?
Sertoli cells enfold and support spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids.
How many haploid spermatids are produced from each diploid primary spermatocyte?
Four
What is the primary function of the enzymes in the acrosome of a sperm cell?
To dissolve protective layers that surround the egg, enabling the sperm to penetrate through them.
What is the role of the mitochondria in the mid-piece of a sperm cell?
To provide energy for the movement of the tail.
What is the characteristic of a human sperm cell that distinguishes it from other cells of the body?
It has very little cytoplasm, with the haploid nucleus nearly filling the head of the sperm.
What is the process by which a committed daughter cell of a spermatogonium becomes a primary spermatocyte?
Several rounds of mitotic cell division.
What is the final stage of spermatogenesis, where spermatids differentiate into mature sperm?
No further cell division occurs.
Where do developing sperm cells migrate to during spermatogenesis?
The central cavity of the seminiferous tubule.
What is the result of meiosis I in the process of spermatogenesis?
Two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
What type of cell division do spermatogonia undergo to form daughter cells?
Mitotic cell division.
What is the primary function of the Sertoli cells in the regulation of spermatogenesis?
To promote spermatogenesis when stimulated by FSH and testosterone
What is the role of inhibin in the regulation of testicular function?
To inhibit the release of FSH
How does testosterone regulate spermatogenesis?
Through negative feedback, inhibiting the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH
What is the significance of the uterine tube in the female reproductive system?
Sperm and egg usually meet in the uterine tube for fertilization
What is the role of estrogen in the menstrual cycle?
Produced by the ovaries during the menstrual cycle
What is the outcome of meiosis I in oogenesis?
One daughter cell is a secondary oocyte and the other is a small polar body
What is the function of the vagina in the female reproductive system?
Receives sperm and serves as the birth canal
What is the role of GnRH in regulating spermatogenesis?
Stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary
What is the significance of the negative feedback mechanism in regulating testicular function?
Maintains relatively constant levels of testosterone and sperm production
What is the outcome of the interaction between FSH and testosterone in the testes?
Stimulates the Sertoli cells, promoting spermatogenesis
During meiosis II, what happens to the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte?
Almost all the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte is included in the egg.
What triggers ovulation and the release of the secondary oocyte from the follicle?
A surge of LH from the anterior pituitary
What hormone stimulates the development of about a dozen follicles during the menstrual cycle?
FSH
What is the function of the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte?
To release estrogen into the bloodstream
What happens to the primary oocyte during meiosis I?
It divides into a single secondary oocyte and a small polar body
What is the role of GnRH in the menstrual cycle?
It stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary
What is the fate of the polar bodies produced during meiosis?
They eventually degenerate
When does meiosis II occur in the secondary oocyte?
Only if the secondary oocyte is fertilized by a sperm
What is the relationship between estrogen and the development of the follicle?
Estrogen stimulates the development of the follicle and prepares it for ovulation
What is the role of the ovary in the menstrual cycle?
It produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone
The testes are located in the ______, a pouch that hangs outside the main body cavity.
scrotum
Sperm pass from the testis to the ______, through the vas deferens and urethra to the tip of the penis.
epididymis
[Blank] cells, which synthesize testosterone, are located in the spaces between the tubules.
interstitial
Spermatogonia or spermatogonial stem cells give rise to ______.
sperm
Sertoli cells nourish the developing ______ and regulate their growth.
sperm
A spermatogonium divides by mitotic cell-division, producing a ______ and a primary spermatocyte.
spermatogonium
The primary spermatocyte undergoes meiotic cell division followed by differentiation, producing ______ sperm.
haploid
The cooler temperatures in the scrotum promote ______ development.
sperm
The seminiferous tubules are nearly filled with coiled, hollow ______ tubules.
seminiferous
Each testis is nearly filled with coiled, hollow ______ tubules, in which sperm are produced.
seminiferous
Spermatogenesis is stimulated by ______ released from the hypothalamus.
GnRH
The combination of ______ and FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells, which promotes spermatogenesis.
testosterone
The Sertoli cells, when stimulated by FSH and ______, secrete a hormone called inhibin.
testosterone
[Blank] itself inhibits the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH, which limits further testosterone production and sperm development.
Testosterone
[Blank] produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone during the menstrual cycle.
Ovary
The early embryo implants in the lining of the ______, where development continues.
uterus
At meiosis I, almost all the ______ is included in one daughter cell, the secondary oocyte.
cytoplasm
[Blank] is produced by the ovaries during the menstrual cycle.
estrogen
The ______ receives sperm and serves as the birth canal.
vagina
The complex feedback process maintains relatively constant levels of ______ and sperm production.
testosterone
Human cells have ______ pairs of chromosomes
23
Spermatogonia are ______ cells that undergo mitotic cell division
diploid
Each primary spermatocyte gives rise to two ______ secondary spermatocytes
haploid
Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes ______ II, producing two spermatids
meiosis
Spermatids differentiate into sperm without further ______ division
cell
Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids are enfolded in the ______ cells
Sertoli
A human sperm has a ______ nucleus that nearly fills the sperm's head
haploid
The enzymes in the acrosome dissolve protective layers that surround the ______, enabling the sperm to penetrate through them
egg
The mitochondria in the mid-piece of the sperm provide energy for the movement of the ______
tail
The developing sperm migrate to the central ______ of the seminiferous tubule into which the mature sperm are released
cavity
At meiosis II, almost all the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte is included in the ______, and a second small polar body discards the remaining “extra” chromosomes.
egg
In the mature ovary, each ______ is surrounded by a layer of smaller cells.
oocyte
Follicle development and ovulation are governed by interactions among ______ produced by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovary during the menstrual cycle.
hormones
The follicle cells also release ______ into the bloodstream.
estrogen
The maturing follicle secretes increasing amounts of ______, which stimulates a surge of LH that causes the primary oocyte to complete meiosis I.
estrogen
The surge of LH also causes ______, as the follicle erupts through the surface of the ovary, releasing its secondary oocyte.
ovulation
The ovary produces ______, estrogen, and progesterone during the menstrual cycle.
eggs
The first polar body may also undergo the second ______ division.
meiotic
Roughly once a ______, the hypothalamus secretes GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH.
month
The ______ bodies eventually degenerate.
polar
Match the following cell types with their functions in spermatogenesis:
Spermatogonia = Undergo mitotic cell division to form primary spermatocytes Primary spermatocytes = Undergo meiotic cell division to form secondary spermatocytes Spermatids = Differentiate into sperm without further cell division Sertoli cells = Enfold and support developing sperm
Match the following structures with their functions in human sperm:
Acrosome = Dissolves protective layers surrounding the egg Mid-piece = Provides energy for movement Head = Contains the haploid nucleus Tail = Propels the sperm through the female reproductive tract
Match the following components with their locations in the male reproductive system:
Seminiferous tubules = Testes Sertoli cells = Enfolding spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids Mitochondria = Mid-piece of the sperm Epididymis = Outside the testes, storing and maturing sperm
Match the following processes with their characteristics in spermatogenesis:
Mitotic cell division = Occurs in spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes Meiotic cell division = Occurs in primary spermatocytes to form secondary spermatocytes Differentiation = Occurs in spermatids to form sperm Meiosis I = Produces two haploid secondary spermatocytes
Match the following with their roles in spermatogenesis:
Diploid cells = Spermatogonia Haploid cells = Secondary spermatocytes and spermatids Commitment to spermatogenesis = Primary spermatocytes Energy providers = Mitochondria in the mid-piece
Match the following components with their functions in the sperm:
Cytoplasm = Minimal in the sperm head Nucleus = Haploid and fills the sperm head Acrosome = Enzymes for fertilization Flagellum = Movement of the sperm
Match the following with their roles in the male reproductive system:
Seminiferous tubules = Site of spermatogenesis Sertoli cells = Support and nourish developing sperm Mitochondria = Energy for sperm movement Epididymis = Maturation and storage of sperm
Match the following components of the male reproductive system with their functions:
Seminiferous tubules = Produce sperm Interstitial cells = Nourish developing sperm Sertoli cells = Synthesize testosterone Epididymis = Store sperm
Match the following stages of spermatogenesis with their descriptions:
Spermatogonium = Stem cell that gives rise to sperm Primary spermatocyte = Undergoes meiotic cell division Spermatid = Differentiates into sperm through further cell division Sertoli cell = Nourish developing sperm
Match the following processes with their outcomes in spermatogenesis:
Mitotic cell division = Two daughter cells, one remains spermatogonia Meiotic cell division = Four haploid spermatids Differentiation = Spermatids become mature sperm Commitment to spermatogenesis = Primary spermatocytes form
Match the following statements with their corresponding stages:
Meiosis I is completed = Surge of LH Cytoplasm is included in the secondary oocyte = Meiosis II Follicle erupts through the surface of the ovary = Ovulation First polar body is formed = Meiosis I
Match the following with their locations in the male reproductive system:
Seminiferous tubules = Inside the testes Sertoli cells = Inside the seminiferous tubules Mitochondria = Mid-piece of the sperm Epididymis = Outside the testes
Match the following structures with their locations:
Testes = Scrotum Epididymis = Abdominal cavity Vas deferens = Urethra Prostate gland = Seminal vesicles
Match the following components with their characteristics in the sperm:
Head = Contains the haploid nucleus Mid-piece = Contains mitochondria for energy Acrosome = Enzymes for fertilization Tail = Flagellum for movement
Match the following cell types with their functions:
Spermatogonia = Give rise to sperm Sertoli cells = Nourish developing sperm Interstitial cells = Synthesize testosterone Stem cells = Undergo meiotic cell division
Match the following components of the menstrual cycle with their functions:
Estrogen = Stimulates the uterine lining to prepare for implantation FSH = Stimulates follicle development LH = Triggers ovulation and completion of meiosis I GnRH = Stimulates the release of FSH and LH
Match the following glands with their functions:
Seminal vesicles = Add fluids to sperm Prostate gland = Add fluids to sperm Bulbourethral glands = Add fluids to sperm Interstitial cells = Synthesize testosterone
Match the following cell types with their characteristics:
Secondary oocyte = Has almost all the cytoplasm Polar body = Has very little cytoplasm Follicle cells = Produces estrogen Oocyte = Surrounded by a layer of smaller cells
Match the following components of the male reproductive system with their roles:
Vas deferens = Conduct sperm out of the body Epididymis = Store sperm Urethra = Conduct sperm out of the body Scrotum = Regulate sperm development
Match the following hormones with their sources:
Estrogen = Follicle cells Progesterone = Ovary GnRH = Hypothalamus LH = Anterior pituitary
Match the following stages of sperm development with their descriptions:
Spermatid = Haploid cell that differentiates into sperm Spermatocyte = Undergoes meiotic cell division Spermatogonium = Stem cell that gives rise to sperm Sperm = Mature gamete
Match the following events with their triggers:
Ovulation = Surge of LH Follicle development = FSH Meiosis II = Fertilization Release of GnRH = Hypothalamus
Match the following components of the male reproductive system with their temperatures:
Testes = 1-6°F cooler than the core of the body Scrotum = 1-6°F cooler than the core of the body Epididymis = Equal to the core of the body Abdominal cavity = Equal to the core of the body
Match the following components of the ovarian follicle with their functions:
Oocyte = Undergoes meiosis Follicle cells = Produces estrogen Accessory cells = Supports oocyte development Polar body = Discards extra chromosomes
Match the following cell types with their locations:
Spermatogonia = Inside the seminiferous tubules Sertoli cells = Inside the seminiferous tubules Interstitial cells = Outside the seminiferous tubules Stem cells = Outside the seminiferous tubules
Match the following stages with their corresponding outcomes:
Meiosis I = Primary oocyte divides into secondary oocyte and polar body Meiosis II = Secondary oocyte divides into egg and polar body Ovulation = Secondary oocyte is released from the ovary Fertilization = Sperm penetrates the egg
Match the following structures with their functions:
Seminiferous tubules = Produce sperm Epididymis = Store sperm Vas deferens = Conduct sperm out of the body Scrotum = Regulate sperm development
Match the following hormones with their effects on the ovary:
FSH = Stimulates follicle development LH = Triggers ovulation and completion of meiosis I Estrogen = Stimulates the uterine lining to prepare for implantation GnRH = Stimulates the release of FSH and LH
Match the following cellular structures with their functions:
Polar body = Discards extra chromosomes Accessory cells = Supports oocyte development Follicle cells = Produces estrogen Oocyte = Undergoes meiosis
Match the following events with their corresponding outcomes:
Ovulation = Secondary oocyte is released from the ovary Fertilization = Sperm penetrates the egg Meiosis I = Primary oocyte divides into secondary oocyte and polar body Meiosis II = Secondary oocyte divides into egg and polar body
Match the following hormones with their functions in regulating spermatogenesis:
GnRH = Stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary FSH = Stimulates the Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis LH = Stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone Inhibin = Inhibits the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary
Match the following components of the female reproductive system with their functions:
Ovaries = Produce eggs and hormones Uterine tube = Site of fertilization Uterus = Supports development of the embryo Vagina = Receives sperm and serves as the birth canal
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Oogenesis = Process of egg cell production Meiosis I = Cell division resulting in a secondary oocyte Fertilization = Union of sperm and egg Spermatogenesis = Process of sperm cell production
Match the following cells with their functions in the male reproductive system:
Sertoli cells = Support and nourish developing sperm Interstitial cells = Produce testosterone Spermatogonia = Undergo meiotic cell division Spermatids = Differentiate into mature sperm
Match the following hormones with their roles in regulating the female reproductive system:
Estrogen = Regulates the growth and development of the female reproductive system Progesterone = Prepares the uterus for implantation FSH = Stimulates follicle growth and maturation GnRH = Regulates the release of LH and FSH
Match the following structures with their locations in the male reproductive system:
Testes = Located outside of the main body cavity Epididymis = Located adjacent to the testes Urethra = Passes through the prostate gland Seminal vesicles = Located near the base of the bladder
Match the following processes with their regulators:
Testicular function = Regulated by negative feedback Oogenesis = Regulated by FSH and estrogen Spermatogenesis = Regulated by GnRH and LH Menstrual cycle = Regulated by the hypothalamus
Match the following components with their functions in the male reproductive system:
Prostate gland = Produces fluids that nourish sperm Bulbourethral glands = Produces fluids that activate sperm Epididymis = Stores and matures sperm Seminal vesicles = Produces fluids that nourish sperm
Match the following hormones with their effects on spermatogenesis:
Testosterone = Stimulates spermatogenesis FSH = Inhibits spermatogenesis Inhibin = Inhibits FSH release GnRH = Inhibits LH and FSH release
Match the following stages of oogenesis with their descriptions:
Primary oocyte = Largest cell with most cytoplasm Secondary oocyte = Cell with a polar body Polar body = Small cell with little cytoplasm Mature egg = Cell ready for fertilization
What is the main function of the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules?
To nourish the developing sperm and regulate their growth
The scrotum is a pouch that keeps the testes at a constant temperature with the rest of the body.
False
What is the process by which a spermatogonium divides and gives rise to a primary spermatocyte?
Mitotic cell division
The _______________ gland is responsible for secreting substances that activate and nourish sperm.
seminal vesicles
Match the following components of the male reproductive system with their functions:
Testes = Produce testosterone and sperm Seminal vesicles = Secrete substances that activate and nourish sperm Epididymis = Store sperm Urethra = Conduct sperm out of the body
The human male reproductive system produces sperm in a cyclical manner.
False
What is the function of the interstitial cells in the testes?
To synthesize testosterone
What is the process by which a primary spermatocyte undergoes cell division and gives rise to haploid sperm?
Meiotic cell division
The _______________ cells are located in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules and synthesize testosterone.
interstitial
The primary oocyte develops into a haploid cell during meiosis I.
True
What is the result of meiosis I in a primary spermatocyte?
Two haploid secondary spermatocytes
Spermatids differentiate into sperm through further cell division.
False
What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm?
The acrosome is a sac of enzymes that dissolves protective layers of the egg, enabling the sperm to penetrate through them.
Spermatogonia are diploid cells that undergo _______________ cell division.
mitotic
Match the following structures with their functions in a sperm:
Acrosome = Dissolves protective layers of the egg Mitochondria = Provides energy for movement Nucleus = Contains genetic material Tail = Propels the sperm through the female reproductive tract
Human sperm have a large amount of cytoplasm in their head.
False
What is the result of spermatogenesis?
Four haploid spermatids
What is the function of the mitochondria in the mid-piece of a sperm?
The mitochondria provide energy for the movement of the tail, which is a long flagellum.
Daughter cells of one type remain _______________, ensuring a steady supply throughout a man's life.
spermatogonia
Where are spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids enfolded?
Sertoli cells
During meiosis II, what happens to the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte?
Almost all the cytoplasm is included in the egg.
The first polar body cannot undergo the second meiotic division.
False
What hormone stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary during the menstrual cycle?
GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
The ovary produces ___________, ___________, and ___________ during the menstrual cycle.
eggs, estrogen, progesterone
What is the purpose of the surge of LH during the menstrual cycle?
To cause ovulation and complete meiosis I
The secondary oocyte will undergo meiosis II even if it is not fertilized.
False
Match the following structures with their functions:
Follicle = Surrounds the oocyte Hypothalamus = Produces GnRH Anterior pituitary = Releases LH and FSH
What is the term for the process of follicle development and ovulation during the menstrual cycle?
Menstrual cycle (from the Latin "mensis", meaning "month")
The maturing follicle secretes increasing amounts of ___________, which stimulates a surge of LH.
estrogen
What is the fate of the polar bodies?
They eventually degenerate
What is the primary function of the Sertoli cells in the testes?
To secrete a hormone that inhibits FSH release
The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries and accessory structures that produce sperm.
False
What is the process by which eggs are produced in the ovaries?
oogenesis
The combination of ____________________ and FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells, which promotes spermatogenesis.
testosterone
Match the following hormones with their functions:
GnRH = stimulates the release of LH and FSH LH = stimulates the production of testosterone FSH = stimulates the production of sperm Testosterone = inhibits the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH
The human female reproductive system consists of the testes and accessory structures.
False
What is the result of the negative feedback mechanism in testicular function?
The maintenance of relatively constant levels of testosterone and sperm production
What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
to produce eggs, estrogen, and progesterone
The early embryo implants in the ____________________ of the uterus.
lining
Spermatogenesis is stimulated by FSH released from the hypothalamus.
False
Study Notes
Male Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system includes the testes, which produce testosterone and sperm, and accessory structures that nurture and conduct sperm out of the body.
- Testosterone and sperm are produced continuously from puberty until death.
- The testes are located in the scrotum, a pouch outside the abdominal cavity, where the cooler temperature promotes sperm development.
- Each testis is filled with coiled seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced, and interstitial cells that synthesize testosterone.
- Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules, where stem cells called spermatogonia divide and differentiate into haploid sperm.
Spermatogenesis
- A spermatogonium divides into two daughter cells: one remains a spermatogonium, and the other becomes a primary spermatocyte.
- The primary spermatocyte undergoes meiotic cell division, producing two haploid secondary spermatocytes.
- Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II, producing two spermatids.
- Spermatids differentiate into sperm without further cell division.
- The developing sperm migrate to the central cavity of the seminiferous tubule, where they are released.
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
- Spermatogenesis is stimulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus, which triggers the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary.
- LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone, and FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis.
- The combination of testosterone and FSH inhibits FSH release, regulating spermatogenesis through negative feedback.
Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, which produce eggs, estrogen, and progesterone, and accessory structures that accept sperm, conduct eggs to the uterine tube, and nourish the developing embryo.
Oogenesis
- An oogonium enlarges to form a primary oocyte, which undergoes meiosis I, producing a secondary oocyte and a small polar body.
- At meiosis II, the secondary oocyte produces an egg, and a second polar body discards the remaining chromosomes.
- Meiosis II does not occur unless a sperm penetrates the egg.
Hormonal Control of Menstrual Cycle
- The menstrual cycle consists of two related cycles: the ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle.
- The hypothalamus secretes GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH.
- FSH stimulates follicle development, and the follicle cells release estrogen, which stimulates a surge of LH, causing ovulation and the release of the secondary oocyte.
- The corpus luteum, formed from the remaining follicle cells, secretes estrogen and progesterone, which inhibit further release of GnRH, LH, and FSH, preventing the development of more follicles.
Male Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system includes the testes, glands, and tubes that produce and transport sperm and testosterone.
- The testes hang beneath the abdominal cavity in the scrotum, which keeps them 1-6°F cooler than the core body temperature, promoting sperm development.
- Each testis contains coiled, hollow seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced, and interstitial cells that synthesize testosterone.
- Spermatogonia, stem cells in the seminiferous tubules, give rise to sperm through mitotic cell division.
- Sertoli cells nourish and regulate the growth of developing sperm.
Spermatogenesis
- A spermatogonium divides into two daughter cells: one remains a spermatogonium, while the other becomes a primary spermatocyte, which undergoes meiotic cell division to produce haploid sperm.
- Primary spermatocytes give rise to two secondary spermatocytes through meiosis I, and each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II to produce two spermatids.
- Spermatids differentiate into sperm without further cell division.
- The developing sperm migrate to the central cavity of the seminiferous tubule, where they are released.
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
- GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which regulate spermatogenesis.
- LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone, which, along with FSH, promotes spermatogenesis.
- FSH-stimulated Sertoli cells secrete inhibin, which inhibits FSH release.
- Testosterone inhibits the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH, maintaining a negative feedback loop to regulate sperm production.
Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system includes the ovaries and structures that accept sperm, conduct eggs, and nourish the developing embryo.
- The ovary produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone during the menstrual cycle.
Oogenesis
- An oogonium enlarges to form a primary oocyte, which undergoes meiosis I to produce a secondary oocyte and a polar body.
- At meiosis II, almost all the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte is included in the egg, and a second small polar body discards the remaining chromosomes.
- The polar bodies eventually degenerate, and meiosis II only occurs if a sperm penetrates the egg.
Menstrual Cycle
- Follicle development and ovulation are governed by interactions among hormones produced by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovary during the menstrual cycle.
- GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which stimulate follicle development and estrogen production.
- Estrogen stimulates a surge of LH, causing ovulation and the release of a secondary oocyte.
- The secondary oocyte will not undergo meiosis II unless it is fertilized.
Male Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system includes the testes, glands, and tubes that produce and transport sperm and testosterone.
- The testes hang beneath the abdominal cavity in the scrotum, which keeps them 1-6°F cooler than the core body temperature, promoting sperm development.
- Each testis contains coiled, hollow seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced, and interstitial cells that synthesize testosterone.
- Spermatogonia, stem cells in the seminiferous tubules, give rise to sperm through mitotic cell division.
- Sertoli cells nourish and regulate the growth of developing sperm.
Spermatogenesis
- A spermatogonium divides into two daughter cells: one remains a spermatogonium, while the other becomes a primary spermatocyte, which undergoes meiotic cell division to produce haploid sperm.
- Primary spermatocytes give rise to two secondary spermatocytes through meiosis I, and each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II to produce two spermatids.
- Spermatids differentiate into sperm without further cell division.
- The developing sperm migrate to the central cavity of the seminiferous tubule, where they are released.
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
- GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which regulate spermatogenesis.
- LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone, which, along with FSH, promotes spermatogenesis.
- FSH-stimulated Sertoli cells secrete inhibin, which inhibits FSH release.
- Testosterone inhibits the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH, maintaining a negative feedback loop to regulate sperm production.
Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system includes the ovaries and structures that accept sperm, conduct eggs, and nourish the developing embryo.
- The ovary produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone during the menstrual cycle.
Oogenesis
- An oogonium enlarges to form a primary oocyte, which undergoes meiosis I to produce a secondary oocyte and a polar body.
- At meiosis II, almost all the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte is included in the egg, and a second small polar body discards the remaining chromosomes.
- The polar bodies eventually degenerate, and meiosis II only occurs if a sperm penetrates the egg.
Menstrual Cycle
- Follicle development and ovulation are governed by interactions among hormones produced by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovary during the menstrual cycle.
- GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which stimulate follicle development and estrogen production.
- Estrogen stimulates a surge of LH, causing ovulation and the release of a secondary oocyte.
- The secondary oocyte will not undergo meiosis II unless it is fertilized.
Male Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system includes the testes, glands, and tubes that produce and transport sperm and testosterone.
- The testes hang beneath the abdominal cavity in the scrotum, which keeps them 1-6°F cooler than the core body temperature, promoting sperm development.
- Each testis contains coiled, hollow seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced, and interstitial cells that synthesize testosterone.
- Spermatogonia, stem cells in the seminiferous tubules, give rise to sperm through mitotic cell division.
- Sertoli cells nourish and regulate the growth of developing sperm.
Spermatogenesis
- A spermatogonium divides into two daughter cells: one remains a spermatogonium, while the other becomes a primary spermatocyte, which undergoes meiotic cell division to produce haploid sperm.
- Primary spermatocytes give rise to two secondary spermatocytes through meiosis I, and each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II to produce two spermatids.
- Spermatids differentiate into sperm without further cell division.
- The developing sperm migrate to the central cavity of the seminiferous tubule, where they are released.
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
- GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which regulate spermatogenesis.
- LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone, which, along with FSH, promotes spermatogenesis.
- FSH-stimulated Sertoli cells secrete inhibin, which inhibits FSH release.
- Testosterone inhibits the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH, maintaining a negative feedback loop to regulate sperm production.
Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system includes the ovaries and structures that accept sperm, conduct eggs, and nourish the developing embryo.
- The ovary produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone during the menstrual cycle.
Oogenesis
- An oogonium enlarges to form a primary oocyte, which undergoes meiosis I to produce a secondary oocyte and a polar body.
- At meiosis II, almost all the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte is included in the egg, and a second small polar body discards the remaining chromosomes.
- The polar bodies eventually degenerate, and meiosis II only occurs if a sperm penetrates the egg.
Menstrual Cycle
- Follicle development and ovulation are governed by interactions among hormones produced by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovary during the menstrual cycle.
- GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which stimulate follicle development and estrogen production.
- Estrogen stimulates a surge of LH, causing ovulation and the release of a secondary oocyte.
- The secondary oocyte will not undergo meiosis II unless it is fertilized.
Male Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system includes the testes, glands, and tubes that produce and transport sperm and testosterone.
- The testes hang beneath the abdominal cavity in the scrotum, which keeps them 1-6°F cooler than the core body temperature, promoting sperm development.
- Each testis contains coiled, hollow seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced, and interstitial cells that synthesize testosterone.
- Spermatogonia, stem cells in the seminiferous tubules, give rise to sperm through mitotic cell division.
- Sertoli cells nourish and regulate the growth of developing sperm.
Spermatogenesis
- A spermatogonium divides into two daughter cells: one remains a spermatogonium, while the other becomes a primary spermatocyte, which undergoes meiotic cell division to produce haploid sperm.
- Primary spermatocytes give rise to two secondary spermatocytes through meiosis I, and each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II to produce two spermatids.
- Spermatids differentiate into sperm without further cell division.
- The developing sperm migrate to the central cavity of the seminiferous tubule, where they are released.
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
- GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which regulate spermatogenesis.
- LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone, which, along with FSH, promotes spermatogenesis.
- FSH-stimulated Sertoli cells secrete inhibin, which inhibits FSH release.
- Testosterone inhibits the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH, maintaining a negative feedback loop to regulate sperm production.
Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system includes the ovaries and structures that accept sperm, conduct eggs, and nourish the developing embryo.
- The ovary produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone during the menstrual cycle.
Oogenesis
- An oogonium enlarges to form a primary oocyte, which undergoes meiosis I to produce a secondary oocyte and a polar body.
- At meiosis II, almost all the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte is included in the egg, and a second small polar body discards the remaining chromosomes.
- The polar bodies eventually degenerate, and meiosis II only occurs if a sperm penetrates the egg.
Menstrual Cycle
- Follicle development and ovulation are governed by interactions among hormones produced by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovary during the menstrual cycle.
- GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which stimulate follicle development and estrogen production.
- Estrogen stimulates a surge of LH, causing ovulation and the release of a secondary oocyte.
- The secondary oocyte will not undergo meiosis II unless it is fertilized.
Male Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system includes the testes, glands, and tubes that produce and transport sperm and testosterone.
- The testes hang beneath the abdominal cavity in the scrotum, which keeps them 1-6°F cooler than the core body temperature, promoting sperm development.
- Each testis contains coiled, hollow seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced, and interstitial cells that synthesize testosterone.
- Spermatogonia, stem cells in the seminiferous tubules, give rise to sperm through mitotic cell division.
- Sertoli cells nourish and regulate the growth of developing sperm.
Spermatogenesis
- A spermatogonium divides into two daughter cells: one remains a spermatogonium, while the other becomes a primary spermatocyte, which undergoes meiotic cell division to produce haploid sperm.
- Primary spermatocytes give rise to two secondary spermatocytes through meiosis I, and each secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II to produce two spermatids.
- Spermatids differentiate into sperm without further cell division.
- The developing sperm migrate to the central cavity of the seminiferous tubule, where they are released.
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis
- GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which regulate spermatogenesis.
- LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone, which, along with FSH, promotes spermatogenesis.
- FSH-stimulated Sertoli cells secrete inhibin, which inhibits FSH release.
- Testosterone inhibits the release of GnRH, LH, and FSH, maintaining a negative feedback loop to regulate sperm production.
Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system includes the ovaries and structures that accept sperm, conduct eggs, and nourish the developing embryo.
- The ovary produces eggs, estrogen, and progesterone during the menstrual cycle.
Oogenesis
- An oogonium enlarges to form a primary oocyte, which undergoes meiosis I to produce a secondary oocyte and a polar body.
- At meiosis II, almost all the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte is included in the egg, and a second small polar body discards the remaining chromosomes.
- The polar bodies eventually degenerate, and meiosis II only occurs if a sperm penetrates the egg.
Menstrual Cycle
- Follicle development and ovulation are governed by interactions among hormones produced by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovary during the menstrual cycle.
- GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which stimulate follicle development and estrogen production.
- Estrogen stimulates a surge of LH, causing ovulation and the release of a secondary oocyte.
- The secondary oocyte will not undergo meiosis II unless it is fertilized.
This quiz covers the outline of male and female reproductive systems, oogenesis and spermatogenesis, and hormonal control of the human menstrual cycle. Topics include the testes, accessory structures, and the production of testosterone and sperm.
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