Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why is the use of pesticides often preferred over manual labor for controlling invasive plant species?
Why is the use of pesticides often preferred over manual labor for controlling invasive plant species?
- Pesticide application is typically less expensive than employing manual labor. (correct)
- Pesticides improve soil quality, whereas manual labor degrades it.
- Pesticides are always more environmentally friendly.
- Manual labor is ineffective against all invasive species.
The primary reason for deforestation in regions like Brazil and Africa is urbanization.
The primary reason for deforestation in regions like Brazil and Africa is urbanization.
False (B)
What type of herbicide is required to effectively manage Phragmites, and why?
What type of herbicide is required to effectively manage Phragmites, and why?
systemic herbicide
When the public has low __________, risk perception tends to increase.
When the public has low __________, risk perception tends to increase.
What factors contribute to the difficulty of communicating risk effectively?
What factors contribute to the difficulty of communicating risk effectively?
Increased government regulation invariably leads to increased public trust in pesticide use.
Increased government regulation invariably leads to increased public trust in pesticide use.
A European country bans the use of a pesticide but continues to import produce grown using that pesticide. Which concept does this best illustrate?
A European country bans the use of a pesticide but continues to import produce grown using that pesticide. Which concept does this best illustrate?
Match each factor with its effect on risk perception:
Match each factor with its effect on risk perception:
Which of the following is an example of plants evolving defenses against pests?
Which of the following is an example of plants evolving defenses against pests?
Allelopathy involves a plant releasing chemicals that assist the growth of other species in the surrounding area.
Allelopathy involves a plant releasing chemicals that assist the growth of other species in the surrounding area.
What is the primary purpose of using insecticides in storm drains, as mentioned in relation to public health?
What is the primary purpose of using insecticides in storm drains, as mentioned in relation to public health?
Potatoes produce compounds called Chaconine and __________ to naturally prevent pests.
Potatoes produce compounds called Chaconine and __________ to naturally prevent pests.
What was the main concern associated with the use of DDT, leading to a negative perception of pesticides?
What was the main concern associated with the use of DDT, leading to a negative perception of pesticides?
Agent Orange, used during the Vietnam War, primarily resulted in what unintended consequence?
Agent Orange, used during the Vietnam War, primarily resulted in what unintended consequence?
The individual active ingredients of Agent Orange (24D and 245T) directly caused birth defects.
The individual active ingredients of Agent Orange (24D and 245T) directly caused birth defects.
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Which type of adjuvant is designed to counteract the effects of hard water and prevent the formation of precipitates in pesticide solutions?
Which type of adjuvant is designed to counteract the effects of hard water and prevent the formation of precipitates in pesticide solutions?
Adjuvants are only effective when used with systemic insecticides.
Adjuvants are only effective when used with systemic insecticides.
What is the primary function of stickers when used as pesticide adjuvants?
What is the primary function of stickers when used as pesticide adjuvants?
_______ are added to pesticide mixtures to ensure that multiple active ingredients can be applied simultaneously without causing an incompatibility.
_______ are added to pesticide mixtures to ensure that multiple active ingredients can be applied simultaneously without causing an incompatibility.
In the context of pesticide application, what is the role of 'winter conditioning agents'?
In the context of pesticide application, what is the role of 'winter conditioning agents'?
Using a pulse jet for pesticide application does not involve the use of heat.
Using a pulse jet for pesticide application does not involve the use of heat.
What is the significance of switching from POEA to alkyl polyglucoside surfactants in pesticide applications, as mentioned in the content?
What is the significance of switching from POEA to alkyl polyglucoside surfactants in pesticide applications, as mentioned in the content?
What legal consequence may arise from negligence in pesticide use?
What legal consequence may arise from negligence in pesticide use?
Why might a large merger between two companies require government approval?
Why might a large merger between two companies require government approval?
Growth regulators are designed to enhance the growth of insects by mimicking essential hormones.
Growth regulators are designed to enhance the growth of insects by mimicking essential hormones.
What is the main advantage of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for growers, besides being environmentally friendly?
What is the main advantage of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for growers, besides being environmentally friendly?
The Irish potato famine was exacerbated because the country was growing very few ______ of potatoes.
The Irish potato famine was exacerbated because the country was growing very few ______ of potatoes.
How do spores from a fruiting body typically spread to infect plants?
How do spores from a fruiting body typically spread to infect plants?
Fusaric acid helps strengthen plant tissues, preventing fungal spread.
Fusaric acid helps strengthen plant tissues, preventing fungal spread.
Why are weeds successful in agricultural settings?
Why are weeds successful in agricultural settings?
Why is 2,4-D commonly used in residential areas?
Why is 2,4-D commonly used in residential areas?
Match the pesticide application method with its primary timing strategy:
Match the pesticide application method with its primary timing strategy:
Insecticides are generally effective at controlling mollusk populations.
Insecticides are generally effective at controlling mollusk populations.
What type of control agent is used to manage sea lamprey populations in the Great Lakes, and what stage of the lamprey's life cycle does it target?
What type of control agent is used to manage sea lamprey populations in the Great Lakes, and what stage of the lamprey's life cycle does it target?
To manage pests in stored grain, a __________ is often used.
To manage pests in stored grain, a __________ is often used.
What is a primary function of surfactants when added to pesticide formulations?
What is a primary function of surfactants when added to pesticide formulations?
Why might applying insecticides lead to an increase in mollusk populations?
Why might applying insecticides lead to an increase in mollusk populations?
Chlorothalonil, known for its toxicity to a wide range of organisms, currently sees increased usage in wood preservation due to its targeted approach.
Chlorothalonil, known for its toxicity to a wide range of organisms, currently sees increased usage in wood preservation due to its targeted approach.
Match the term to its purpose:
Match the term to its purpose:
Why might a subsistence farmer in Africa be more willing to accept the risks associated with pesticide use compared to someone in a developed country?
Why might a subsistence farmer in Africa be more willing to accept the risks associated with pesticide use compared to someone in a developed country?
Systemic insecticides protect only the parts of the plant they directly cover.
Systemic insecticides protect only the parts of the plant they directly cover.
What is a significant environmental concern associated with the use of the Bordeaux mixture?
What is a significant environmental concern associated with the use of the Bordeaux mixture?
_________ herbicides must be applied to the above-ground tissue of a plant to be effective because they bond to the clay in the soil.
_________ herbicides must be applied to the above-ground tissue of a plant to be effective because they bond to the clay in the soil.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Why is it often more challenging to disseminate truthful information about pesticides compared to false or misleading information?
Why is it often more challenging to disseminate truthful information about pesticides compared to false or misleading information?
What historical factor contributes to public distrust of industries regarding pesticides and other chemicals?
What historical factor contributes to public distrust of industries regarding pesticides and other chemicals?
What characteristics describe DDT?
What characteristics describe DDT?
What was the primary intended effect of Agent Orange?
What was the primary intended effect of Agent Orange?
Which period is characterized by the accidental development and use of inorganic chemicals as pesticides?
Which period is characterized by the accidental development and use of inorganic chemicals as pesticides?
What active ingredients comprised Agent Orange?
What active ingredients comprised Agent Orange?
Which of the following best describes the 'Chemical Era' of pesticide development during the 1940s and 1950s?
Which of the following best describes the 'Chemical Era' of pesticide development during the 1940s and 1950s?
Which of the following lists contains only substances that were used as pesticides in the 1800s and early 1900s?
Which of the following lists contains only substances that were used as pesticides in the 1800s and early 1900s?
How does the activated toxin from a dissolved protein crystal affect a caterpillar's digestive system?
How does the activated toxin from a dissolved protein crystal affect a caterpillar's digestive system?
What economic impact is associated with losses in American southern states, particularly those affecting healthcare, work productivity, and tourism?
What economic impact is associated with losses in American southern states, particularly those affecting healthcare, work productivity, and tourism?
What specific conditions are required for a spore to germinate after a caterpillar consumes a protein crystal?
What specific conditions are required for a spore to germinate after a caterpillar consumes a protein crystal?
What was an unconventional application of DDT focused on decreasing mosquitoes?
What was an unconventional application of DDT focused on decreasing mosquitoes?
Which of the following accurately describes the sequence AFTER a caterpillar consumes a protein crystal?
Which of the following accurately describes the sequence AFTER a caterpillar consumes a protein crystal?
Considering the mode of action of the toxin, what outcome would not occur?
Considering the mode of action of the toxin, what outcome would not occur?
What is the primary use of Bordeaux mixture in agriculture?
What is the primary use of Bordeaux mixture in agriculture?
How does the dissolution of a protein crystal lead to the activation of a toxin?
How does the dissolution of a protein crystal lead to the activation of a toxin?
What are the main components of the Bordeaux mixture?
What are the main components of the Bordeaux mixture?
Which historical event is associated with the initial use of Bordeaux mixture?
Which historical event is associated with the initial use of Bordeaux mixture?
The species Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium is associated with which insecticidal component?
The species Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium is associated with which insecticidal component?
What role does Erythroxylum sp. play in pest management or chemical development?
What role does Erythroxylum sp. play in pest management or chemical development?
Regarding agriculture, what concept is indicated by considering the use of DDT and the evolution of plant defenses?
Regarding agriculture, what concept is indicated by considering the use of DDT and the evolution of plant defenses?
How did the petrochemical industry influence the development of modern pesticides?
How did the petrochemical industry influence the development of modern pesticides?
What is a key characteristic of pesticide use in Europe based on the information provided?
What is a key characteristic of pesticide use in Europe based on the information provided?
How do plants and pests interact in an evolutionary arms race?
How do plants and pests interact in an evolutionary arms race?
Which action represents Democritus's contribution to pesticide innovation?
Which action represents Democritus's contribution to pesticide innovation?
Which of the following plant-derived compounds interferes with voltage-graded sodium ion channels in pests?
Which of the following plant-derived compounds interferes with voltage-graded sodium ion channels in pests?
In what year was DDT discovered as an insecticide?
In what year was DDT discovered as an insecticide?
Which of the following best describes the concept of an evolutionary 'arms race' between plants and pests?
Which of the following best describes the concept of an evolutionary 'arms race' between plants and pests?
Why might a country choose to import produce grown with pesticides rather than using the pesticides themselves?
Why might a country choose to import produce grown with pesticides rather than using the pesticides themselves?
Why might a biopesticide like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) be favored over a broad-spectrum chemical pesticide for controlling caterpillars on a farm?
Why might a biopesticide like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) be favored over a broad-spectrum chemical pesticide for controlling caterpillars on a farm?
How does allelopathy influence plant community composition?
How does allelopathy influence plant community composition?
In what way do bio-rational synthesis strategies improve upon naturally occurring compounds for pest control?
In what way do bio-rational synthesis strategies improve upon naturally occurring compounds for pest control?
A farmer notices that after several applications of a broad-spectrum pesticide, a particular pest population is not well-controlled, while a different, previously minor pest species has increased significantly. What is the most likely explanation?
A farmer notices that after several applications of a broad-spectrum pesticide, a particular pest population is not well-controlled, while a different, previously minor pest species has increased significantly. What is the most likely explanation?
How did the mixing of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) contribute to birth defects?
How did the mixing of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) contribute to birth defects?
What is a primary challenge in relying solely on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for pest management in a large agricultural operation?
What is a primary challenge in relying solely on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for pest management in a large agricultural operation?
How could Avermectins be used in the context of pest control?
How could Avermectins be used in the context of pest control?
What distinguishes biopesticides from other types of pesticides?
What distinguishes biopesticides from other types of pesticides?
What is the primary way in which Europe's conservative approach to pesticide use impacts global pesticide application?
What is the primary way in which Europe's conservative approach to pesticide use impacts global pesticide application?
Which of the following best describes the general risk associated with the proper use of pesticides, according to the information?
Which of the following best describes the general risk associated with the proper use of pesticides, according to the information?
What role do 'best management practices' play in the context of pesticide use?
What role do 'best management practices' play in the context of pesticide use?
If a new pesticide is discovered, approximately how long does it take, on average, to bring it to market?
If a new pesticide is discovered, approximately how long does it take, on average, to bring it to market?
What is the main purpose of the patent associated with a new pesticide?
What is the main purpose of the patent associated with a new pesticide?
Which of the following statements best reflects the information regarding public health and pesticide use?
Which of the following statements best reflects the information regarding public health and pesticide use?
How might the use of sulfur as a fumigant relate to modern pest control strategies?
How might the use of sulfur as a fumigant relate to modern pest control strategies?
What implications arise when a country heavily regulates pesticide use domestically but imports a significant amount of agricultural products?
What implications arise when a country heavily regulates pesticide use domestically but imports a significant amount of agricultural products?
What was a defining characteristic of pesticide development during the 'Chemical Era' of the 1940s and 1950s?
What was a defining characteristic of pesticide development during the 'Chemical Era' of the 1940s and 1950s?
Which of the following best describes the primary reason for the use of Agent Orange during the Vietnam War?
Which of the following best describes the primary reason for the use of Agent Orange during the Vietnam War?
What is a key distinction between pesticide development in the 1800s/early 1900s and the 'Chemical Era' of the mid-20th century?
What is a key distinction between pesticide development in the 1800s/early 1900s and the 'Chemical Era' of the mid-20th century?
Which statement best reflects a long-term consequence related to the usage of Agent Orange?
Which statement best reflects a long-term consequence related to the usage of Agent Orange?
If a new pesticide was applied in the same manner as Agent Orange, what unintended consequence is most likely to occur?
If a new pesticide was applied in the same manner as Agent Orange, what unintended consequence is most likely to occur?
What critical event follows the dissolution of a protein crystal inside a caterpillar after it consumes it?
What critical event follows the dissolution of a protein crystal inside a caterpillar after it consumes it?
What role does pH play in the activation process of toxins derived from protein crystals consumed by caterpillars?
What role does pH play in the activation process of toxins derived from protein crystals consumed by caterpillars?
Following the activation of a toxin within a caterpillar's digestive system, what is the immediate consequence that directly leads to the caterpillar's demise?
Following the activation of a toxin within a caterpillar's digestive system, what is the immediate consequence that directly leads to the caterpillar's demise?
How does the continuous germination of spores contribute to the overall impact on a caterpillar after it consumes a protein crystal?
How does the continuous germination of spores contribute to the overall impact on a caterpillar after it consumes a protein crystal?
What structural component of the caterpillar's digestive system is directly targeted by the activated toxin derived from the dissolved protein crystal?
What structural component of the caterpillar's digestive system is directly targeted by the activated toxin derived from the dissolved protein crystal?
Why was the mixing of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) significant in the context of pesticide history?
Why was the mixing of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) significant in the context of pesticide history?
How does allelopathy impact plant communities?
How does allelopathy impact plant communities?
In what ways can Avermectins be utilized in pest control?
In what ways can Avermectins be utilized in pest control?
What role does Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) play in pest management?
What role does Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) play in pest management?
What distinguishes bio-rational synthesis from traditional chemical synthesis in pesticide development?
What distinguishes bio-rational synthesis from traditional chemical synthesis in pesticide development?
What is a key characteristic of Biopesticides?
What is a key characteristic of Biopesticides?
How did the use of pesticides contribute to economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
How did the use of pesticides contribute to economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
How does Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) work once ingested by a susceptible insect?
How does Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) work once ingested by a susceptible insect?
What is the primary economic impact associated with pest-related issues in American southern states?
What is the primary economic impact associated with pest-related issues in American southern states?
The Bordeaux mixture is primarily used to protect grape vines and fruit orchards from which of the following?
The Bordeaux mixture is primarily used to protect grape vines and fruit orchards from which of the following?
In what context was DDT historically used in an unconventional manner to combat mosquitoes?
In what context was DDT historically used in an unconventional manner to combat mosquitoes?
What is the significance of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium in the context of pest management?
What is the significance of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium in the context of pest management?
Why is the late 19th-century France significant in the history of pesticide use?
Why is the late 19th-century France significant in the history of pesticide use?
How does the concept of a 'coevolutionary arms race' relate to pest management?
How does the concept of a 'coevolutionary arms race' relate to pest management?
What role did the Coca, Erythroxylum sp., plant have in pest management during the early stages of pesticide use?
What role did the Coca, Erythroxylum sp., plant have in pest management during the early stages of pesticide use?
How does the interplay between plants and pests drive the evolution of chemical defenses?
How does the interplay between plants and pests drive the evolution of chemical defenses?
What was Paul Muller's major contribution regarding the use of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane?
What was Paul Muller's major contribution regarding the use of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane?
Why might a country with stringent pesticide regulations still import produce grown using pesticides?
Why might a country with stringent pesticide regulations still import produce grown using pesticides?
How did the development of the petrochemical industry influence the creation and expansion of pesticides?
How did the development of the petrochemical industry influence the creation and expansion of pesticides?
What role did Democritus play in the history of pest control?
What role did Democritus play in the history of pest control?
What impact does Europe's conservative approach to pesticide use have on global pesticide application?
What impact does Europe's conservative approach to pesticide use have on global pesticide application?
How do plants like the coca plant (Erythroxylum) defend themselves against pests?
How do plants like the coca plant (Erythroxylum) defend themselves against pests?
How would an arms race between plants and pests manifest regarding tropane alkaloids?
How would an arms race between plants and pests manifest regarding tropane alkaloids?
What is a key consequence of Europe's conservative approach to pesticide use?
What is a key consequence of Europe's conservative approach to pesticide use?
How do Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spores exert their insecticidal effect on caterpillars?
How do Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spores exert their insecticidal effect on caterpillars?
What is the typical duration, in years, for a new pesticide to be developed and brought to market, including the patent protection period?
What is the typical duration, in years, for a new pesticide to be developed and brought to market, including the patent protection period?
Why are 'best management practices' (BMPs) and regulations considered essential in pesticide use?
Why are 'best management practices' (BMPs) and regulations considered essential in pesticide use?
What is one reason why systemic insecticides like dimethoate and aldicarb need careful management?
What is one reason why systemic insecticides like dimethoate and aldicarb need careful management?
Sulfur was historically used as a fumigant, what property made it suitable for this application?
Sulfur was historically used as a fumigant, what property made it suitable for this application?
Why do pesticide patents give companies exclusive rights for a limited time?
Why do pesticide patents give companies exclusive rights for a limited time?
The misuse of pesticides can lead to what outcome?
The misuse of pesticides can lead to what outcome?
Which environmental condition is MOST critical for the ascospore germination of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)?
Which environmental condition is MOST critical for the ascospore germination of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis)?
Why is atrazine resistance a significant concern in agriculture, particularly in regions with heavy atrazine use?
Why is atrazine resistance a significant concern in agriculture, particularly in regions with heavy atrazine use?
How does monitoring adult codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) populations using pheromone traps contribute to effective pest management in apple orchards?
How does monitoring adult codling moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) populations using pheromone traps contribute to effective pest management in apple orchards?
What factor would MOST increase the economic impact of banning a widely-used pesticide?
What factor would MOST increase the economic impact of banning a widely-used pesticide?
How might the widespread adoption of GMO crops engineered for herbicide tolerance influence the use of herbicides like atrazine?
How might the widespread adoption of GMO crops engineered for herbicide tolerance influence the use of herbicides like atrazine?
Assuming insect species are discovered at a steady rate, which of the following would best project the number of known insect species in 5 years?
Assuming insect species are discovered at a steady rate, which of the following would best project the number of known insect species in 5 years?
A farmer observes an increase in a previously minor insect pest population after applying a broad-spectrum insecticide to manage a different primary pest. What is the most likely explanation for this increase?
A farmer observes an increase in a previously minor insect pest population after applying a broad-spectrum insecticide to manage a different primary pest. What is the most likely explanation for this increase?
In Ontario, if resources are limited, which type of insect pest should be prioritized for research and management strategies, based solely on the number of pest species?
In Ontario, if resources are limited, which type of insect pest should be prioritized for research and management strategies, based solely on the number of pest species?
What preventative measure would most effectively disrupt the life cycle of apple scab to minimize infection in an orchard?
What preventative measure would most effectively disrupt the life cycle of apple scab to minimize infection in an orchard?
A farmer is deciding between using chemical molluscicides and introducing predatory insects to control a slug problem in their vegetable garden. Which consideration primarily favors the use of predatory insects?
A farmer is deciding between using chemical molluscicides and introducing predatory insects to control a slug problem in their vegetable garden. Which consideration primarily favors the use of predatory insects?
Why might using insecticides inadvertently lead to an increase in mollusk populations?
Why might using insecticides inadvertently lead to an increase in mollusk populations?
Which of the following represents a significant public health concern associated with rodent infestations, particularly in regions like Africa?
Which of the following represents a significant public health concern associated with rodent infestations, particularly in regions like Africa?
What role do nematodes play in plant health, and what secondary issue can arise from their activity?
What role do nematodes play in plant health, and what secondary issue can arise from their activity?
What does the potential return on investment (ROI) ranging from $3 to $9 per $1 spent on pesticides indicate, and on what factors does this ROI depend?
What does the potential return on investment (ROI) ranging from $3 to $9 per $1 spent on pesticides indicate, and on what factors does this ROI depend?
If a farmer experiences a total crop loss within two weeks due to an infestation, which pathogen is most likely responsible, and what has been used to combat it?
If a farmer experiences a total crop loss within two weeks due to an infestation, which pathogen is most likely responsible, and what has been used to combat it?
What is a common consequence of nematode infestation on plant roots?
What is a common consequence of nematode infestation on plant roots?
How do nematode infestations contribute to the spread of plant diseases?
How do nematode infestations contribute to the spread of plant diseases?
Why are sea lampreys considered a significant threat to the Great Lakes ecosystem?
Why are sea lampreys considered a significant threat to the Great Lakes ecosystem?
What is a primary strategy used in the Great Lakes to control sea lamprey populations?
What is a primary strategy used in the Great Lakes to control sea lamprey populations?
What is a typical agricultural practice in small grain production intended to maximize yield?
What is a typical agricultural practice in small grain production intended to maximize yield?
What is a potential consequence of planting small grains too closely together?
What is a potential consequence of planting small grains too closely together?
Why is herbicide use so widespread in corn production, with approximately 80% of crops being treated?
Why is herbicide use so widespread in corn production, with approximately 80% of crops being treated?
In corn production, what is the primary reason why uncontrolled weed growth can significantly reduce crop yield?
In corn production, what is the primary reason why uncontrolled weed growth can significantly reduce crop yield?
What was the primary environmental consequence of using Chlorothalonil?
What was the primary environmental consequence of using Chlorothalonil?
What conditions primarily contributed to the severity of the Irish potato famine in the 1840s?
What conditions primarily contributed to the severity of the Irish potato famine in the 1840s?
How did potato breeders attempt to mitigate future outbreaks of Pytophthora infestans after the Irish potato famine?
How did potato breeders attempt to mitigate future outbreaks of Pytophthora infestans after the Irish potato famine?
What is a key principle of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) when managing pests like codling moths?
What is a key principle of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) when managing pests like codling moths?
How might the cultivation of other crops such as wheat have influenced the impact of the Irish potato famine?
How might the cultivation of other crops such as wheat have influenced the impact of the Irish potato famine?
How does an organophosphate insecticide affect an insect?
How does an organophosphate insecticide affect an insect?
Why might a post-emergent herbicide be ineffective if applied incorrectly?
Why might a post-emergent herbicide be ineffective if applied incorrectly?
Given the information, what environmental factor could limit potato crop production?
Given the information, what environmental factor could limit potato crop production?
Why might a post-emergent pesticide be favored over a pre-emergent application in certain agricultural scenarios?
Why might a post-emergent pesticide be favored over a pre-emergent application in certain agricultural scenarios?
Considering the reproductive capacity of weeds like wild mustard, which strategy would be least effective in long-term weed management?
Considering the reproductive capacity of weeds like wild mustard, which strategy would be least effective in long-term weed management?
Why is 2,4-D, a selective herbicide, preferred for residential lawn care over a broad-spectrum herbicide like glyphosate?
Why is 2,4-D, a selective herbicide, preferred for residential lawn care over a broad-spectrum herbicide like glyphosate?
How does Integrated Pest Management (IPM) contribute to more sustainable agricultural practices?
How does Integrated Pest Management (IPM) contribute to more sustainable agricultural practices?
Considering the information that wild mustard plants consume significant amounts of nutrients and water, what is a likely consequence of heavy wild mustard infestation in an oat field?
Considering the information that wild mustard plants consume significant amounts of nutrients and water, what is a likely consequence of heavy wild mustard infestation in an oat field?
Why might the origin of wild mustard in South America versus Europe influence modern pest management strategies?
Why might the origin of wild mustard in South America versus Europe influence modern pest management strategies?
Extrapolating from the information provided, what broader implication can be drawn regarding the use of any pesticide over an extended period?
Extrapolating from the information provided, what broader implication can be drawn regarding the use of any pesticide over an extended period?
Assuming that policies exist, which factor could plausibly explain a scenario where there is no pesticide use on lawns in Ontario (ON)?
Assuming that policies exist, which factor could plausibly explain a scenario where there is no pesticide use on lawns in Ontario (ON)?
Flashcards
Secondary Metabolites
Secondary Metabolites
Chemicals used by plants for protection, giving them smells or tastes that deter pests.
Allelopathy
Allelopathy
A plant releases a chemical into the soil that inhibits the growth of other plant species.
Pesticides and Vector-Borne Disease
Pesticides and Vector-Borne Disease
The use of pesticides to control disease-carrying organisms.
Chaconine and Solanine
Chaconine and Solanine
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Okra Toxin A
Okra Toxin A
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Agent Orange
Agent Orange
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Insecticides
Insecticides
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Plant produced pesticides
Plant produced pesticides
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Arable Land Expansion
Arable Land Expansion
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Exotic Plants
Exotic Plants
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Systemic Herbicide
Systemic Herbicide
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Pesticide Export
Pesticide Export
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Risk Perception Factors
Risk Perception Factors
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Pesticide Distrust
Pesticide Distrust
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Communication Complexity
Communication Complexity
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Shifting Concerns
Shifting Concerns
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Risk Perception
Risk Perception
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Industry Distrust
Industry Distrust
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Bordeaux Mixture
Bordeaux Mixture
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Non-Target Toxicity
Non-Target Toxicity
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Plant Hormone Mimics
Plant Hormone Mimics
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Systemic Insecticides
Systemic Insecticides
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Non-Systemic Insecticides
Non-Systemic Insecticides
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Post-Emergent Herbicides
Post-Emergent Herbicides
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Adjuvants
Adjuvants
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Spray activators
Spray activators
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Utility modifiers
Utility modifiers
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Spreaders
Spreaders
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Winter conditioning agents
Winter conditioning agents
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Oil concentrates
Oil concentrates
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Stickers
Stickers
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Negligence
Negligence
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Organophosphates (OPs)
Organophosphates (OPs)
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Growth regulators
Growth regulators
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
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Monoculture Vulnerability
Monoculture Vulnerability
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Fungal Infection Process
Fungal Infection Process
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Fusaric acid
Fusaric acid
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Weeds
Weeds
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Post-emergent
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Molluscicides
Molluscicides
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Rodenticides
Rodenticides
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Lampricides
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Fumigant (for Grain)
Fumigant (for Grain)
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2,4-D
2,4-D
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Glyphosate
Glyphosate
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Gravel (under towers)
Gravel (under towers)
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Surfactants (in pesticides)
Surfactants (in pesticides)
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1800s Pesticides
1800s Pesticides
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"Chemical Era"
"Chemical Era"
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Agent Orange Use
Agent Orange Use
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Agent Orange Ingredients
Agent Orange Ingredients
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1940s Pesticides
1940s Pesticides
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Avermectins
Avermectins
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Biopesticides
Biopesticides
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Bio-rational synthesis
Bio-rational synthesis
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Benefits of pesticides
Benefits of pesticides
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) use
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) use
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Southern US Economic Losses
Southern US Economic Losses
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DDT in Paint
DDT in Paint
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Bordeaux Mixture Components
Bordeaux Mixture Components
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Bordeaux Mixture Use
Bordeaux Mixture Use
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Pyrethrum Source
Pyrethrum Source
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Coevolutionary Arms Race
Coevolutionary Arms Race
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Pyrethrum
Pyrethrum
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DDT's Discovery
DDT's Discovery
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Evolutionary Arms Race (Pesticides)
Evolutionary Arms Race (Pesticides)
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Products of the Arms Race
Products of the Arms Race
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Democritus' innovation
Democritus' innovation
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Petrochemical industry's effects
Petrochemical industry's effects
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Paul Muller
Paul Muller
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Europe pesticide use
Europe pesticide use
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Mode of Action
Mode of Action
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DDT insecticidal
DDT insecticidal
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Europe pesticide policy
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First systemic insecticides
First systemic insecticides
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Pesticide health considerations
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Homer's pesticide innovation
Homer's pesticide innovation
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How Bt works
How Bt works
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Pesticide development timeline
Pesticide development timeline
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Pesticide definition
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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
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Bt Toxin Mode of Action
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Epithelium (in insects)
Epithelium (in insects)
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Crop Protection Companies
Crop Protection Companies
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Pesticide Development Costs
Pesticide Development Costs
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Inorganic Pesticides
Inorganic Pesticides
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"Chemical Era" of Pesticides
"Chemical Era" of Pesticides
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DDT, Lindane, Aldrin
DDT, Lindane, Aldrin
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Benefits of pesticides for preventing Malaria
Benefits of pesticides for preventing Malaria
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Biproduct of the two pesticides
Biproduct of the two pesticides
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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
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Bordeaux Mixture Contents
Bordeaux Mixture Contents
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DDT Definition
DDT Definition
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DDT insecticidal properties
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Coca Plant
Coca Plant
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Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors
Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors
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Pesticide Mode of Action
Pesticide Mode of Action
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Toxicology
Toxicology
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Bt Toxin
Bt Toxin
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Epithelium receptors (in insects)
Epithelium receptors (in insects)
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Pesticide Export (via import)
Pesticide Export (via import)
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Pesticide Health Risks
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Sulfur as Pesticide
Sulfur as Pesticide
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Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)
Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)
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How Bt Works (in Caterpillars)
How Bt Works (in Caterpillars)
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Pesticide overuse consequences
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Apple Scab Ascospore Germination
Apple Scab Ascospore Germination
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Atrazine
Atrazine
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Codling Moth
Codling Moth
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Pesticide Ban Cost Factors
Pesticide Ban Cost Factors
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Fungal Damage Mechanism
Fungal Damage Mechanism
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Rodenticides Use
Rodenticides Use
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Copper Fungicides
Copper Fungicides
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Nematodes Damage
Nematodes Damage
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Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestans
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Pesticide ROI
Pesticide ROI
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Insect species count
Insect species count
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Disease-causing viruses
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Ontario insect pests
Ontario insect pests
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Mollusks
Mollusks
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Percent of World Insects
Percent of World Insects
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Chlorothalonil
Chlorothalonil
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Insect Growth Regulator
Insect Growth Regulator
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Irish Potato Famine
Irish Potato Famine
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Potato resistance
Potato resistance
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Codling Moth Management
Codling Moth Management
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Potato Origin
Potato Origin
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Why are weeds an issue?
Why are weeds an issue?
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Root Damage (Nematodes)
Root Damage (Nematodes)
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Sea Lamprey
Sea Lamprey
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Small Grain Production
Small Grain Production
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Weeds (Corn Production)
Weeds (Corn Production)
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OPs (Organophosphates)
OPs (Organophosphates)
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Wood Preservatives
Wood Preservatives
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Potato Famine Ireland
Potato Famine Ireland
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Great Lakes Invasive Species
Great Lakes Invasive Species
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When did they arrive in Europe?
When did they arrive in Europe?
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Why are weeds successful?
Why are weeds successful?
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Wild mustard impact
Wild mustard impact
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2,4-D vs. Glyphosate (Home Use)
2,4-D vs. Glyphosate (Home Use)
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IPM Importance
IPM Importance
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Post-Emergent Ideal?
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Pesticides Ideal?
Pesticides Ideal?
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Why is 2,4 - D used in homes?
Why is 2,4 - D used in homes?
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Study Notes
- Pesticides risks and benefits are a contentious issue since the middle of the twentieth century.
Pros vs. Cons
- Neonicotinoid insecticides to control a variety of pests in agriculture are weighed against potential risks to pollinators.
- Naled, an insecticide used to control mosquitoes, are weighed transmissions of Zika virus versus use.
History
- Chemicals have been used to control pests for a while.
- Sumerians used them around 4500 years ago.
- Sumerians used sulfur compounds to mitigate insects and mites.
- China - 3500 years ago, used mercury and arsenic salts to control lice.
- In ancient Greece and Rome, 3000 to 2000 years ago "smokes" were used to kill pests.
- Plant extracts from bitter lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and wild cucumber were used.
- Tar were applied on the trunk of trees to kill pests.
- Salt or seawater was used to control weeds.
- Ancient farms knew of pesticides, using materials like crayfish to keep caterpillars away.
- Vegetable seeds and cypress leaves were mixed before sowing to reduce pests eating plant roots.
- Crop seeds were soaked in olive oil before planting which increased yields
- Seeds were soaked in leek juice for protection, and sulfur was used as a fumigant.
- The coevolutionary arms race is a main component of pest evolution.
- It is plants versus vertebrates, insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, other plants.
- Plants evolve to evade pests, and pests evolve to get past new defenses.
- Primary metabolites are what is needed for respiration.
- Secondary metabolites are usually chemicals used for protection.
- Pests are always evolving to get past secondary metabolites.
- Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) vs. parsnip webworm (Depressaria pastinacella) highlights arms race.
- The products of the arms race include chemicals, like those found in White cedar, Wormwood and Thujone.
- Thujone is a GABA receptor agonist which increases neural activity.
- Serotonin receptor agonist can act as a psychedelic.
- Antifeedant is used as bitter tasting compound.
- Allelopathy - plant releases chemical into the soil to alter soil and impact other species ability to grow in that area.
- Coca is a tropane alkaloid that is a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and interferes with voltage-gated Na ion channels.
- Opium poppy creates isoquinoline alkaloids, opiates in latex sap and binds to G-protein coupled opioid receptors which have analgesic effects.
- Tobacco creates nicotine that bind to receptors in neurons which form basis for neonicotinoid insecticides discovery
- Pyrethrum is derived from dried flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium.
- Used as insecticide for over 2000 years, traditionally used to treat stored grain and lice. Crusaders brought back to Europe to control lice
- Boudreaux Mixture is a copper sulfate and lime and was made in late 19th century in France. It is used in vines, fruit orchards to prevent fungal diseases. The United Fruit Company used it in Latin America, in the 1920s.
- Around early 20th century, used inorganic pesticides, sodum cholrate, sulphuric acid, & some organic chemicals
- Derived from coal gas production, such as creosote, nitrophenols, chlorophenols, naphthalene and petroleum oils
Chemical Era
- "Chemical era" of pest control began in the 1940s with the rise of synthetic pesticides.
- DDT, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, and parathion became widely used insecticides.
- 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) emerged as a common herbicide.
- Captan was used as fungicide.
- DDT was discovered in 1939 by Swiss chemist Paul Muller and won Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1949
- Most popular of early insecticides, for its broad-spectrum activity
- Used for its effective and inexpensive, and has low toxicity to mammals
- Used to reduce insect born diseases, e.g., malaria, yellow fever, typhus
- Used extensively during WWII to control typhus, eliminated in many parts of Europe
- No major concern throughout 1950s because of cheaper food.
- There was reduced prevalence of insect borne disease
- There was no known related injury or mortality.
- It was safer compared to older arsenic-based pesticides
- Issues that started to rise around the 1950s: Resistance, effects on non-target species, and bio-magnification.
- Rachel Carson's Silent Spring published in 1962 outlined these concerns regarding: emerging environmental issues from indiscriminate use of persistent insecticides and unsuspecting side effects of herbicide use; resulted in the call on government for more stringent regulation of pesticide
- Lead to change in national pesticide policy and nationwide ban on DDT use
- Increase in land for agriculture did not increase drastically. Which led to: More efficient agriculture = less wilderness removed for agriculture.
- Exotic species control: Phragmites australis
- In short term, pesticides provided improvement of standard of living, but longterm pesticide has: Adversely affected the environment and Jeopardized human health
- Pesticide production increased steadily from 1940s to 2000s.
- Concerns arose, about pesticides that led to change in policy to mitigate negative outcome.
- Health considerations: Can lead to accidental poisoning so Regulations are essential. Yet, public not typically convinced of safety
- Enormously beneficial to human health like Prevention of yellow fever, typhus, river blindness, sleeping sickness and malaria
- Psychological Considerations: Damaged produce is better than chemically treated food with pesticide"
- Ethical Considerations: Immoral to introduce synthetic chemicals onto food and the environment?"
Pesticide Types
- Herbicides: Selective based on formulation
- Insecticides: Systemic, better targeted
- Fungicides: Protect tissue
- Nematicides: Affect soil composition
- Molluskicides: Toxic to a wide range of organisms
Public Perception
- Perception based on social structures and morals
- Influenced by economic and social factors
- Lower observability can drive up risk as well as less controllability increases risk perception
Risk Communication
- Discussions about risk involve three levels of debate/conflict.
- When communicating risk, it is important to remember Perception is reality (in the eyes of the public), build Trust and foster Credibility (for the communicator), as it's a Communication skill that can be learned
- Too often, those who know enough about science don't explain it in regular language
- Improved risk communication = improves public trust & respect for experts and for the scientific process
History of Discovery
- Inorganic herbicides used as early examples.
- 1940s Bio-ration synthesis developed herbicides
- 1950s conventional synthesis techniques developed
- 1960s use similar methods but designed to be soil active.
- 1970s glyphosate was developed.
- 1990s Bio-rational synthesises of glyphosate. Insecticides had similar developments and approaches
Natural v Synth
- Plant extracts are source to active molecule.
- Synthetically altered the extract to improve function
- Bio-pesticides have micro organisms.
- Transgenic pesticides are another source of pesticides.
- Searches for pesticides are expensive, time consuming, and require to pass many health and enviro metrics.
Target vs. Non-Target
- Toxicology tests need to ensure toxicity to only intended target
- Must be tested if in the environment
Uses for pesticides
- Pests like insects consume food and fiber, reduce food quality, transmission of plant, human & animal diseases
- Examples like codling moths can be mitigated
Control Method for pests
- Survey environment and spray regularly.
- Understanding pests through biology.
Microbe
- Need to watch since it is easier to spread.
- Potatoes are particularly susceptible to blight.
Weeds
- Are competitive and reduce crop yields.
- Impact is so potent there are now resistant weeds.
Economic benefits
- Increased food stores due to pest mitigation.
Selection criterias
- Registered for crop.
- Fits with crop strategies
- No-low risk to applicator
- Only effect target species.
- Easy to use and stable for long shelf life
- Formulated for specific situations and conditions.
Formulatons structure
- Active ingredient
- Addition carrier
- Stabilizers
- Additives
- Adjuvants.
Goal for formulations
- Target release
- Water solubility
- Safe for users
Functional Groups
- Non-polar: Lipohilic and hydrophobic
- Polar: hydrophillic
Pesticide mobility
- Adhesions
- Solbility
- Parthenship
Adjuvents
- Surfactants help target product to penetrate to target organism.
- Weather protection
- Emusified and evenly suspended product.
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