risks and benefits.html

+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | 1800s/1900s | 1940s and 1950s | Agent orange uses | | pesticide | \"Chemical era\" | and side effects: | | development: | | | |...

+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | 1800s/1900s | 1940s and 1950s | Agent orange uses | | pesticide | \"Chemical era\" | and side effects: | | development: | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | ------------------ | | | | | discovery and wide | Used as a defoliant | | Inorganic chemical | use of chemical | in the Vietnam war | | era for development\ | pesticides | to defoliate trees | | accidental | | and see what was | | developments | - insecticide - | going on. The active | | | DDT, lindane, | ingredients in agent | | - acids, metallic | aldrin, etc | orange were 2,4-D | | salts, bases | - Herbicide - | and 2,4,5-T. These | | - bordeaux mixture | 2,4-Dichlorophen | pesticides do not | | - sodium arsenate, | oxyacetic | cause birth defects, | | sodium chlorate | acid (2,4-D) | but the biproduct of | | | - Fungicide - | the two being mixed | | | Captan | resulted in a | | | | dioxant | | | \ | that *does* cause | | | \ | birth defects.\ | | | \ | \ | | | \ | \ | | | | \ | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Allelopathy | Avermectins: | *Bacillus | | | | thuringiensis* (Bt) | | ------------------ | ------------------ | use: | | | | | | Plant releases | - can be used as a | ------------------ | | chemical into the | general | | | soil to alter the | antibiotic | - used on | | soil which impacts | - originated from | Lepidopteran | | other species | soil bacteria | species | | abilities to grow in | | (butterflies, | | that area\ | | moths, and | | \ | | caterpillars) | | \ | | - bacterial cells | | \ | | are consumed and | | | | the ezymes eat | | | | trough the | | | | Epithelium | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Benefits of | Bio-rational | Biopesticides | | pesticides for | synthesis: | | | preventing Malaria: | | ------------------ | | | ------------------ | | | ------------------ | | Biological | | | Organic chemists | pesticides that are | | \- during late 19th | discovered molecules | an actual living | | and early 20th | present in the | thing | | centuries, major | environment an tried | | | factor in slow | to synthesize them | | | economic development | to make them better. | | | in American southern | | | | states\ | | | | - africa loses | | | | US\$12 billion/year | | | | due to increased | | | | healthcare costs, | | | | lost ability to | | | | work, and negative | | | | effects on tourism\ | | | | - DDT put in paint | | | | to decrease | | | | mosquitoes\ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Boreaux mixture | Boudreaux Mixture | Chemical found in | | function and | history: | *Chrysanthemum | | contents: | | cinerariaefolium* us | | | ------------------ | ed | | ------------------ | | as an insecticide: | | | \- Made up of copper | | | Usually copper | sulfate and lime | ------------------ | | sulfate and lime. | (CaO)\ | | | Used to protect | - Late 19th century | Pyrethrum\ | | grape vines from | France\ | \ | | fungus. | - Vines, fruit | \ | | | orchards to prevent | \ | | | fungal diseases\ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Coca, *Erythroxylum* | Coevolutionary arms | DDT was discovered | |  sp. | race: | in \_\_\_\_\_ by | | products of the arms | | Swiss chemist | | race: | ------------------ | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | | | ------------------ | Plants continuing to | ------------------ | | | evolve to evade | | | \- Tropane alkaloids | pests; pests | 1939, Paul Muller\ | | - cocaine\ | evolving in return | \ | | - | to the new defences\ | \ | | Serotonin-norepineph | \ | \ | | rine-dopamine | \ | | | reuptake inhibitor\ | \ | | | - Interferes with | | | | voltage-graded Na | | | | ion channels\ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Democritus pioneered | Effects of the | Europe\'s pesticide | | what pesticide | petrochemical | use: | | innovation? | industry on | | | | pesticides: | ------------------ | | ------------------ | | | | | ------------------ | Very conservative | | Seeds soaked in leek | | with their pesticide | | juice\ | - in search of | use. Therefore, they | | \ | dyes, perfumes, | input a lot of their | | \ | and explosives, | produce and | | \ | compouds that | esentially export | | | were created | their pesticide use | | | were found to be | to other countries. | | | effective | | | | pesticides | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Europe\'s stance on | First systemic | Health | | pesticides: | insecticides | cosiderations: | | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | | Europe is very | Dimethoate and | \- pesticide misuses | | conservative with | aldicarb | can lead to | | their pesticde us | | accidental | | (pretty much using | | poisonings\ | | none at all). This | | - best management | | results in them | | pratices and | | importing a lot of | | regulations | | their produce from | | essential\ | | other countries, | | - very rare health | | essentially | | problems releated to | | exporting their | | proper use\ | | pesticideuse to | | \ | | other countries | | \ | | becuase they don\'t | | \ | | want to use it.\ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | | \ | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Homer pioneered what | How does Bt work | How log does it take | | pesticide | inside of the | to bring a pesticide | | innovation? | caterpillar? | to market? | | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | | Sulfure used as a | \ | \~11 years with a | | fumigant\ | | 17-20 year patent to | | \ | - spore and | get it done. | | \ | protein crystal | | | \ | are consumed by | | | | the caterpillar | | | | - spore germinates | | | | inside due to | | | | conditions and | | | | pH | | | | - when the protein | | | | crystal | | | | dissolves, the | | | | toxin activates | | | | - toxin binds to | | | | the guy | | | | receptors on the | | | | Epithelium and | | | | pokes holes | | | | through the | | | | digestive tract | | | | - bacteria grows | | | | as spores | | | | continue to | | | | germinate | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | How many crop | How many crop | How much does it | | protection companies | protection companies | cost to bring a | | exist today? | existed before 1980? | pesticide to market? | | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | | \