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+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Ascospore | Atrazine | Codling moth | | germination of apple | | (*Carpocapsa | | scap (*Venturia | ------------------ | pomonella*) | | inequalis*)...

+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Ascospore | Atrazine | Codling moth | | germination of apple | | (*Carpocapsa | | scap (*Venturia | ------------------ | pomonella*) | | inequalis*) | | | | | - can be used | ------------------ | | ------------------ | post-emergence | | | | - corn isn\'t very | - insect pest in | | - moisture for a | sensitive but | apples | | certain period | weeds are | - mostly in | | of time | - corn belt has a | temperate | | - 28h at 6\*C to | heavy use of | regions | | 12h at 26\*C | atrazine but is | - controlled by | | | being replaced | apraying | | | by GMO crops | insecticides | | | - atrazine | - using pheromone | | | resistance is a | traps to monitor | | | risk | adult moth | | | | populations | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Codling moth life | Factors influencing | How do fungi cause | | cycle: | the cost of banning | cell damae and host | | | a pesticide: | death? | | ------------------ | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | | | - relative | - block the | | | efficancy and | transport of | | | cost of | water and | | | pesticide | essential | | | - cost an | nutrients | | | effectivness of | - excrete toxins | | | alternatives or | - fusaric acid | | | non-pesticide | breaks down the | | | controls | plants tissues | | | - value of the | which helps the | | | crop commodity | spread | | | - geographic area | | | | of the | | | | withdrawal | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | How many bacteria | How many fungi cause | How many insect | | cause disease? | disease? | species are defined | | | | as pests? | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | ------------------ | | \~160 | \~8000 | | | | | \~10,000 | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | How many insects are | How many nematodes | How many plant | | defined as serious | cause disease? | species are | | pests? | | considered crops? | | | ------------------ | | | ------------------ | | ------------------ | | | \~500 | | | \~600 | | \~400 | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | How many plant | How many plant | How many plant | | species are | species in ON are | species in ON are | | considered weeds? | considered crops? | considered weeds? | | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | | \~50 000 | \~80 | \~300 | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | How many species on | How many viruses | In Ontario, how many | | the planet are | cause disease? | insects are | | insects? | | considered pests? | | | ------------------ | | | ------------------ | | ------------------ | | | \~250 | | | 85% | | 80\ | | | | 40 vegetable insect | | | | pests\ | | | | 25 fruit insect | | | | pests\ | | | | 15 field crop insect | | | | pests | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Life cycle of apple | Mollusks | Most damaging | | scab: | | vertebrate to crops? | | | ------------------ | | | ------------------ | | ------------------ | | | - insecticides | | | ) | - huge public | stored crops | | | health issue - | consumed) | | | carry a lot of | | | | disease (mostly | | | | in Africa) | | | | - mulluscicides | | | | used to deal | | | | with them | | | | - using | | | | insecticides can | | | | increase the | | | | population of | | | | mollusks | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Nematodes | *Phytophthora | Return on investment | | | infestans* | can range from: | | ------------------ | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | - attack plant | | | | roots | - total crop | \$3 to \$9 per \$1 | | - can bring other | destruction in 2 | spent. Dependent on | | fungus or | weeks | region, type of | | bacteria with | - copper | crop, and type of | | them | fungicides not | pesticide. | | - cause swolled | discovered | | | knots or growths | during potato | | | or lesions on | famine | | | roots | | | | - pathway for | | | | soil-brone | | | | fungal or | | | | bacterial | | | | disease | | | | - leads to root | | | | rot | | | | - thrives in sandy | | | | soils | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Sea lamprey | Small grain | Weeds in corn | | | production | production | | ------------------ | | | | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | - have expanded | | | | into the great | - planted closely | - 80% are treated | | lakes impacting | to reduce | with herbicides | | trout and other | competition | - young maize | | species | - 15-50% less | seedlins are | | - attatch | yeild | poor competitors | | themselves to | | - weeds outcompete | | the fish and | \ | young crop | | feed off of it | | | | - control program | | | | targeting | | | | juvenile lamprey | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | What is an OP and | What is used for | What occured during | | what does it do? | preserving wood? | potato famine era in | | | | Ireland? | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | ------------------ | | Oranophsphate | Chlorothalonil | | | insecticide\ | | In a 15 year period | | A growth regulator | | 1m died due to | | that mimics an | | disease and 1.5m | | insect hormone, it | | emigrated to north | | messes up the growth | | america. During this | | progress of an | | time, other crops | | insect in its early | | like wheat were | | stages. | | being exported by | | | | the British so poor | | | | were heavily reliant | | | | on potatoes. | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | What occured in | What occured in the | What\'s important | | 1840s due to late | early 1900s that | for managing codling | | blight of potato? | temporarily helped | moths  (and other | | | prevent the spread | pests)? | | ------------------ | of *Pytophthora | | | | infestans*? | ------------------ | | - poor were | | | | starving | ------------------ | - surveying when | | - potato crops | | adults are | | were destroyed | - potato breeders | coming out | | - increased prices | crossed porato | - understanding | | of other foods | with a related | the biology | | | plant to produce | - IPM | | | a resistant | | | | breed | | | | - only worked for | | | | a few years | | | | until a new | | | | strain of fungus | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Where are potatoes | Why are | Why are weeds such | | native to? When did | post-emergent | an issue? | | they arrive in | pesticides ideal? | | | Europe? | | ------------------ | | | ------------------ | | | ------------------ | | compete with crops | | | B/c it helps the | for nutrients and | | Native to south | plant more compared | sunlight reduce crop | | america and didn\'t | to pre-emergent | yeild weed seed | | arrive in europe | pesticides. Issue | population | | util mid-1800s | with pre-emergent is | | | | that the young plant | - 5e8 seeds/ha or | | | doesn\'t have as | 10 000 | | | much of a head | seeds/m\^2 | | | start.\ | - 1% of seeds | | | ) | 100 weeds/m\^2 | | | | | | | | successful because | | | | of their ability to | | | | reproduce | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Why are wild mustard | Why is 2,4-D used in | Why is IPM | | plants so | homes rather than | important? | | successful? | glyphosate? | | | | | ------------------ | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | Better for grower by | | - 1 wild mustard | 2,4-D is selective | saving money on | | plant consumes N | of broad leaf weeds. | product and better | | and P of 2 oat | Glyphosate is broad | for environment | | plants | spectrum and would | | | - 1 wild mustard | kill someones entire | | | plant consumes | lawn. | | | the water of 4 | | | | oat plants | | | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+ | Why is gravel placed | Why is there no | Why was the spread | | at the base of | pesticide use on | of potato blight | | transformer towers? | lawns in ON? | worse in europe than | | | | south america? | | ------------------ | ------------------ | | | | | ------------------ | | Stops grass and soil | There is a ban on | | | from forming and | using pesticides for | There were only a | | provides good | cosmetic use. Gold | few varieties being | | drainage. They | courses are exempt | grown in europe | | don\'t want soil or | from this. | which caused the | | grass forming | | fungus to spread | | because it has high | | easier. This wasn\'t | | voltages. | | as impactful in | | | | south america | | | | because they had bee | | | | growing more | | | | varieties for a | | | | longer time. | +----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+