chapter 10

<p>15 mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sunflower oil and Almond oil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retinal degeneration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive diffusion involving enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurodegenerative diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sun exposure duration (B), Skin pigmentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modulating blood calcium and phosphorus concentrations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>100 μg (4000 IU) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue and malaise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcification of soft tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin A (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β-carotene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiate cancer development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin A (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carotenoids and retinoids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>700 to 1300 µg RAE/d (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protect cell membranes from free radicals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anorexia and dry skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone density tests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activating specific factors for blood clotting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phylloquinone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone fragility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By carboxylating bone proteins that aid in matrix formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit Vitamin K activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals on chronic antibiotic therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adequate Intake levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They drop within 2 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamins absorbed with fats, including A, D, E, and K.

Retinoids (like retinol) and carotenoids (like beta-carotene).

Animal foods, liver, dairy, fatty fish, fish liver oils.

Fruits, vegetables (red, yellow, orange), some animal products.

Vision, cell growth, gene expression, and more.

Antioxidant protection against free radicals.

Involves emulsification, solubilization, and cellular uptake.

Primarily stored in the liver.

Anorexia, impaired growth, night blindness, and dry eyes.

Dry skin, liver damage, and potential birth defects.

Crucial for blood clotting and bone health via post-translational carboxylation of proteins.

Found in plants (phylloquinone) and animals. Absorption involves passive diffusion and receptors.

Conversion between hydroquinone and epoxy forms for biological activity.

Rare but causes clotting problems and bone issues.

Anticoagulant that inhibits Vitamin K function.

Includes prolonged clotting time, low serum Vitamin K, and undercarboxylated osteocalcin.

Breastfed newborns, low-fat dieters, malabsorption sufferers, and antibiotic users.

Vitamin E comes in different forms (tocopherols and tocotrienols) with varying activities and sources.

Vitamin E protects cell membranes by acting as an antioxidant, preventing damage from oxidation.

Vitamin E neutralizes harmful molecules (lipid peroxides) to prevent cell damage caused by oxidation.

The recommended amount of Vitamin E for adults is 15 mg of RRR alpha-tocopherol.

Good food sources include wheat germ oil, sunflower seeds, almonds, and various plant-based oils like sunflower, almond, and canola.

Vitamin D undergoes two activation steps: first in the liver to calcidiol and then in the kidney to calcitriol, its active form.

Factors such as age, sunscreen usage, clothing, latitude, skin pigmentation, and time of day can impact photoactivation.

Deficiency in vitamin D can lead to conditions like rickets in children (bone deformities) and osteomalacia in adults (soft bones).

Excessive sun exposure or supplementation can lead to toxicity, characterized by high calcium levels and potential for tissue calcification, especially in the kidneys.