Фармакологија и клинички испитувања

• G-proteins bind to intracellular receptors, causing their conformational change and subsequent phosphorylation of GDP to GTP, leading to the release of an α subunit that activates adenyl cyclase for cAMP synthesis.
• G-protein: a regulator; adenyl cyclase; lecithin; cAMP.
• Apaf-1 protein induces apoptosis in cells.
• Caspase activation: P53, Bcl-2, Apaf-1, and others.
• For a non-linear drug, at constant dosing, the maximum concentration (Cmax) and half-life (T1/2) affect the elimination constant and area under the curve (AUC) disproportionately.
• A large family of receptors with no extracellular domain includes; JAK/STAT is a tyrosine kinase receptor pathway.
• The domain of protein tyrosine kinase receptors responsible for synthesizing protein kinases is located within the cytoplasmic domain.
• Proteins and large insoluble molecules can be introduced into the body via _______ mechanism.
• Agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists are types of protein receptor drug interactions.
• A biological model does not perfectly resemble human disease even if it has a similar genotype, pathophysiology, trigger, and therapeutic response.
• Measuring a new compound's pharmacological activity: ligand binding assays, functional assays, toxicity, and pharmacodynamics.
• The continuous addition of a drug dosage when receptors are saturated results in no change in the rate of drug excretion.
• Adding an irreversible antagonist to an agonist decreases Cmax and increases Tmax, but AUC remains relatively unchanged.
• G-protein signaling activation: Gα acts on GDP synthesis; Gαγβ binds to active G protein-coupled receptors; Gα is phosphorylated, turning GDP into GTP.
• The deactivation of G-protein receptors: not specified in the text.
• Nitric oxide (NO) functions: a) enhancing adenyl cyclase activity, increasing sGMP, and causing vasodilation; b) decreasing adenyl cyclase activity, decreasing sAMR, and causing vasodilation; c) decreasing adenyl cyclase activity, increasing sAMR, and causing vasodilation; d) enhancing adenyl cyclase activity, decreasing sAMR, and causing vasodilation.
• Muscarinic receptors: a) M1; b) M2; c) M3; d) M4; e) M5; muskimol.

Ова прашање вклучува константата на рамнотежа при лек-рецептор интеракции, употребата на здрави пациенти во фазите на испитување и синтезата на втор гласник при реакција на инозитолтрифосфата+ фосфолипаза С.