Family Types and Group Behavior Experiments
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Questions and Answers

Which type of family consists solely of a couple without children?

  • Extended family
  • Nuclear family
  • Childless family (correct)
  • Single-parent family

What was the primary outcome of the Asch Experiment?

  • Participants are resistant to group pressure.
  • Individuals will always provide accurate answers.
  • Most participants will conform to a group's incorrect choice. (correct)
  • Non-conformity is easily maintained in social settings.

In sociology, which family type includes children from previous marriages?

  • Single-parent family
  • Common-law family
  • Extended family
  • Blended/reconstituted family (correct)

What does the concept of conformity in the Asch Experiment refer to?

<p>Adjusting one's answer to align with the group despite evidence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which family type consists of a single parent and one or more children?

<p>Single-parent family (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes collective behaviour?

<p>Localized and dispersed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of crowd is characterized by emotional expressions and excitement?

<p>Expressive crowd (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a mob?

<p>To pursue a violent or destructive goal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of socialization is most influential during childhood?

<p>Family expectations and norms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a riot from a mob?

<p>A riot lacks any specific purpose or goal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a cult?

<p>A group tied together by cultural or spiritual beliefs around a strong leader (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of crowd is typically associated with organized gatherings for specific purposes?

<p>Conventional crowd (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key element of socialization?

<p>The lifelong process of learning social norms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of prejudice?

<p>An unsubstantiated judgment on a specific group based on unfounded beliefs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes systemic discrimination?

<p>Discrimination supported by nationwide legislation and policies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stereotype?

<p>An overly simplified view of a group based on limited behaviors of individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of personal discrimination?

<p>An individual refusing to hire someone based on their ethnicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Social Learning Theory explain the acquisition of prejudice?

<p>Prejudice is acquired through observational learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does deviance refer to in a sociological context?

<p>Any behavior that deviates from societal norms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the term 'multiculturalism'?

<p>Promoting the coexistence of diverse cultural groups in society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of ageism?

<p>Discrimination targeting individuals due to their age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants in Milgram's experiment administered the maximum shock of 450 volts?

<p>65% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory explains why individuals may not feel responsible for unethical actions in Milgram's Experiment?

<p>Agentic state theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Zimbardo's Stanford Prison experiment, what behavior did the guards display?

<p>Overly aggressive and insulting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary condition observed in the Robber's Cave experiment?

<p>Hostility developed without interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of cliques?

<p>They are exclusive groups of chosen members (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of being part of a clique?

<p>Creating a negative self-concept (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains the idea that human evil may stem from situational roles rather than individual personality?

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a superordinate goal in the context of the Robber's Cave experiment?

<p>A collective goal that reduces conflict (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are folkways in the context of social norms?

<p>Informal norms that govern everyday behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of formal deviance?

<p>Stealing a car (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of proscriptive norms refer to?

<p>Behavior that is discouraged (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of sociological theory suggests that deviant behavior is learned through interactions?

<p>Differential Association theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Merton's Strain Theory, why might individuals resort to deviant behavior?

<p>They lack means to achieve culturally established goals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Labelling Theory in relation to deviance?

<p>Society's reaction to behavior plays a crucial role (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does control theory explain deviance?

<p>Deviant behavior is a response to a lack of social controls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of society influences deviant behavior according to Differential Association Theory?

<p>The amount of exposure to role models (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a group of individuals who engage in criminal activities and have a defined structure?

<p>Gang (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between norms and sanctions in a social context?

<p>Norms are rules followed by a group, while sanctions are reactions to those who follow or break them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a social movement?

<p>A group promoting or resisting changes in society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of family consists of parents and children from previous marriages living together?

<p>Blended family (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes deviance in social terms?

<p>Behavior that deviates from accepted norms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to informal social rules based on tradition?

<p>Folkways (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common feature of social control is to:

<p>Regulate thoughts and behaviors to limit deviance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best defines a single-parent family?

<p>A single mother or father raising one or more children. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Family

A group of people living together with a common affiliation, such as a family, who provide social and psychological support.

Nuclear Family

A family consisting of two parents and their unmarried children living together.

Extended Family

A family including relatives beyond just parents and children, such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles.

Blended Family

A family formed by a couple with children from previous relationships.

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Asch Experiment

An experiment where participants were presented with a misleading visual test and pressured to conform to incorrect answers, demonstrating the power of social influence.

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Agentic State Theory

A theory explaining that individuals may follow instructions even if they appear unethical, by shifting responsibility to the authority figure. This causes them to feel less personally accountable for their actions.

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Milgram's Experiment

A psychological experiment that demonstrated how ordinary people can inflict harm on others when instructed by an authority figure. Participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to 'learners' who answered incorrectly, even going against their own moral beliefs. This study highlights the power of obedience and the potential for individuals to act in ways they might not have thought possible.

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Stanford Prison Experiment

A study that simulated a prison setting where students were assigned roles as guards and prisoners. The experiment dramatically demonstrated the power of social roles and the influence of situational factors on behavior. Guards became increasingly aggressive and abusive, while prisoners experienced psychological distress and trauma.

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Robber's Cave Experiment

A social psychology experiment that explored how intergroup conflict arises and how it can be resolved. Two groups of boys, separated into 'Eagles' and 'Rattlers,' developed hostility and prejudice towards each other while competing for resources and status. The study highlighted the role of competition, group identity, and prejudice in creating conflict.

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Clique

A type of social group that involves a small number of close-knit individuals who share similar interests, values, and beliefs. Membership is often exclusive, and members may feel a strong sense of belonging and loyalty.

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Why People Join Cliques?

People join cliques to form close friendships because it provides a supportive environment where they can share common interests, feel a sense of belonging, and develop social skills.

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What Do Cliques Offer?

Cliques provide a space for young people to explore their interests, develop their social skills, and build a positive self-concept. They offer opportunities to express themselves, try different activities, and strengthen relationships.

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Obedience to Authority

The idea that individuals are more likely to engage in unethical or immoral behavior when they're told to do so by someone in a position of authority.

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What is collective behavior?

Collective behavior refers to how individuals act and interact in crowds, social movements, or within a society.

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What is unpredictable behavior in collective behavior?

Unpredictable behavior is marked by volatility and lack of control. It often emerges in events like violent protests.

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What is localized behavior in collective behavior?

Localized behavior involves individuals gathering in a specific location at a particular time. This occurs in events such as assemblies or gatherings.

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What is dispersed behavior in collective behavior?

Dispersed behavior involves actions or ideas spreading across various locations simultaneously. This occurs in instances like rumors, fashion trends, or gossip.

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What is irrational behavior in collective behavior?

Irrational behavior, often referred to as hysteria, is characterized by individuals being persuaded to act outside their typical behavior under the influence of a charismatic leader.

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What is a crowd?

A crowd is a temporary gathering of individuals, often assembled for a particular purpose.

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What is a mob?

A mob is an intensely emotional crowd driven by a violent or destructive goal.

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What is socialization?

Socialization is the continuous process of learning and adopting the norms, customs, and values of a society, equipping individuals with the skills and habits needed to participate in that society.

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What is prejudice?

An unsubstantiated judgment made about a specific group based on unfounded beliefs and assumptions.

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What is discrimination?

Unequal treatment of a specific group based on prejudice and stereotypes.

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What is a stereotype?

A simplified and often inaccurate view of a group based on the behavior of a few individuals, neglecting individual differences.

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What is systemic discrimination?

Discrimination that is embedded in laws, policies, and systems, creating systemic disadvantages for specific groups.

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What is deviance?

Any behavior that deviates from societal norms, or what is considered 'normal.' It means non-conformity to the accepted standards of behavior.

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What is social control?

Society's attempts to regulate individuals' behaviors and avoid or punish deviant actions. Social control happens through rules, laws, norms, and established ideas.

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What is the Social Learning Theory of Prejudice?

Prejudice learned through observation and imitation of others.

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What is the Socio-Economic Theory of Prejudice?

The idea that economic disparities can lead to prejudice.

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Roles

The expected behaviors that individuals are supposed to perform within a group.

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Norms

Shared guidelines or rules within a group that dictate how members should act.

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Sanctions

Reactions from others, either positive or negative, in response to someone following or breaking social norms. They are used to encourage or discourage specific behaviors.

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Social Movement

A form of collective action by people who are either promoting or resisting changes in a societal aspect.

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Deviance

Any deviation from what society generally considers normal.

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Social Control

Society's attempts to regulate people's thoughts and behaviors in ways that restrict or punish deviance.

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Social Norms

Social expectations that guide people's actions. These are like unwritten rules of behavior in a society.

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Folkways

Informal practices based on tradition. These unwritten rules are usually followed by members of a community.

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Laws

Formal norms that are codified into law and enforced by the legal system.

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Formal Deviance

Deviance that violates formal social norms, such as laws. Examples include theft, murder, and robbery.

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Informal Deviance

Deviance that violates informal social norms, such as folkways or mores. Examples include wearing strange clothing or behaving in an unconventional manner.

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Differential Association Theory

Sociological theory suggesting that deviance is a learned behavior through interactions with others, particularly with deviant role models.

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Study Notes

The Family - Including Types of Families

  • Families provide friendships and meet psychological and social needs
  • Types of families:
    • Nuclear family: Two parents and unmarried children living together
    • Extended family: Relatives (besides parents and children) living together
    • Blended/reconstituted families: Parents with children from previous relationships
    • Childless families: A couple without children
    • Single-parent families: One parent with one or more children
    • Common-law families: Unmarried couples, with or without children

Group Behavior Experiments

  • Asch Experiment/Asch Paradigm (Solomon Asch):
    • Participants were misled in a visual test concerning line length.
    • Most participants conformed to the group's incorrect answers about longer lines.
  • Milgram's Experiment (Stanley Milgram):
    • Participants (teachers) were instructed to administer shocks to actors (students).
    • A significant percentage of participants administered maximum shock levels.
    • Highlights the power of authority figures and obedience to orders.
  • Stanford Prison Experiment (Philip Zimbardo):
    • Students were assigned roles as guards and prisoners in a mock prison.
    • Guards behaved aggressively due to the situation and power imbalance.
    • Prisoners became distressed and passive.
    • Demonstrates how social roles can influence behavior and lead to unethical, possibly harmful actions.
  • Robber's Cave Experiment (Muzafer Sherif):
    • Boys were divided into two groups at summer camp.
    • Conflicts arose upon introduction of the two groups.
    • Superordinate goals (shared goals requiring cooperation) reduced conflict between the groups.

Cliques

  • Definition: An exclusive group of chosen members.
  • Reasons for joining: Sharing attitudes and characteristics, creating friendships, developing positive self-concepts.
  • Benefits: Learning to interact with others, developing interpersonal skills, socialisation.

Collective Behaviour

  • Definition: Ways people act in crowds, social movements, or across entire societies.
  • Characteristics: Unpredictable, localized (in one place), dispersed (many locations), irrational.
  • Examples: Violent demonstrations, rumors, fads, social movements.

Crowds

  • Definition: Groups of people gathered together temporarily.
  • Types of crowds:
    • Casual crowds: Loose connections, e.g., people in a bus.
    • Conventional crowds: Gathered for an event.
    • Expressive crowds: Gathered for a highly exciting event.
    • Acting crowds: Highly emotional, goal-oriented, e.g., protests.

Mobs, Riots, and Cults

  • Mob: Emotionally driven, violent, and destructive crowd.
  • Riot: Disorganized and frenzied crowd, lacking a specific target.
  • Cult: Group with shared beliefs and often a charismatic leader.

Socialization

  • Lifelong process of learning social norms, values, customs, and ideologies.
  • Important for individuals to adapt and participate within society.
  • Agents of socialization: Families, peers, schools, media, culture. Each agent influences during different periods of development.

Agents of Socialization

  • Agents of socialization have different influences at different ages. Families are influential in early childhood, while peers and schools take on an increasing role in later childhood and adolescence.

Social Movements

  • Defined as a collective behaviour in which a group promotes or opposes social change.
  • Theories related to social movements include: Deprivation theory, Mass society theory, social concern theory, and structural strain theory.

Deviance

  • Definition: Any behavior that deviates from societal norms.
  • Causes of Deviance: Can involve biological factors, psychological factors, and/or sociological factors.
  • Types of deviance:
    • Formal deviance (criminal behavior). Examples: Theft, murder.
    • Informal deviance (not illegal, but violates norms). Examples: Certain fashion trends, unusual hair colors.
  • Social control: Society's attempts to regulate and punish deviant behaviors.

Strain Theory

  • Addresses how societal pressures can lead to deviant behavior.
  • Individual's inability to achieve socially accepted goals using legitimate means results in strain and potential deviance.

Differential Association Theory

  • Explains deviance as a learned behavior through interactions with others, particularly in groups.
  • More interaction with deviants increases the likelihood of adopting deviant behaviors.

Theories of Personality

  • Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages: Children learn and develop cognitively through these stages.
  • Cooley's Looking-glass Self: Oneself develops based on how others perceive us.
  • Mead's Role-taking Theory: Individuals develop their self-concept through interaction with others.
  • Erikson's Lifespan Development: Personality continues to develop over a lifetime as individuals face psychosocial crises.

Prejudice and Discrimination

  • Prejudice: Preconceived judgment against a group, often based on unfounded ideas.
  • Discrimination: Acting on prejudice, manifesting as unequal or unfair treatment against certain groups.
  • Types of Discrimination:
    • Systemic: Supported by laws, policies, or government institutions.
    • Personal: Acting to discriminate against an individual.
  • Theories:
    • Social learning theory: Prejudice learned through observation and modeling.
    • Socioeconomic theory: Economic differences lead to prejudice.
    • Psychological theory: Authoritarian or manipulative personalities.

Genie the Wild Child

  • A feral child, Genie, experienced severe isolation that significantly impacted her development.

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Description

Explore the various types of families, including nuclear, extended, and blended families, as well as the significance of each type in fulfilling social and psychological needs. Additionally, delve into classic group behavior experiments like the Asch and Milgram experiments, examining social influence and authority dynamics in human behavior.

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