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Questions and Answers
Which type of family consists solely of a couple without children?
Which type of family consists solely of a couple without children?
What was the primary outcome of the Asch Experiment?
What was the primary outcome of the Asch Experiment?
In sociology, which family type includes children from previous marriages?
In sociology, which family type includes children from previous marriages?
What does the concept of conformity in the Asch Experiment refer to?
What does the concept of conformity in the Asch Experiment refer to?
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Which family type consists of a single parent and one or more children?
Which family type consists of a single parent and one or more children?
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What characterizes collective behaviour?
What characterizes collective behaviour?
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Which type of crowd is characterized by emotional expressions and excitement?
Which type of crowd is characterized by emotional expressions and excitement?
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What is the primary purpose of a mob?
What is the primary purpose of a mob?
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Which aspect of socialization is most influential during childhood?
Which aspect of socialization is most influential during childhood?
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What distinguishes a riot from a mob?
What distinguishes a riot from a mob?
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Which of the following describes a cult?
Which of the following describes a cult?
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Which type of crowd is typically associated with organized gatherings for specific purposes?
Which type of crowd is typically associated with organized gatherings for specific purposes?
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What is a key element of socialization?
What is a key element of socialization?
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What is the definition of prejudice?
What is the definition of prejudice?
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Which of the following best describes systemic discrimination?
Which of the following best describes systemic discrimination?
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What is a stereotype?
What is a stereotype?
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Which of the following is an example of personal discrimination?
Which of the following is an example of personal discrimination?
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How does the Social Learning Theory explain the acquisition of prejudice?
How does the Social Learning Theory explain the acquisition of prejudice?
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What does deviance refer to in a sociological context?
What does deviance refer to in a sociological context?
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Which of the following describes the term 'multiculturalism'?
Which of the following describes the term 'multiculturalism'?
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What is an example of ageism?
What is an example of ageism?
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What percentage of participants in Milgram's experiment administered the maximum shock of 450 volts?
What percentage of participants in Milgram's experiment administered the maximum shock of 450 volts?
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What theory explains why individuals may not feel responsible for unethical actions in Milgram's Experiment?
What theory explains why individuals may not feel responsible for unethical actions in Milgram's Experiment?
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In Zimbardo's Stanford Prison experiment, what behavior did the guards display?
In Zimbardo's Stanford Prison experiment, what behavior did the guards display?
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What was the primary condition observed in the Robber's Cave experiment?
What was the primary condition observed in the Robber's Cave experiment?
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What is a key characteristic of cliques?
What is a key characteristic of cliques?
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of being part of a clique?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of being part of a clique?
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What concept explains the idea that human evil may stem from situational roles rather than individual personality?
What concept explains the idea that human evil may stem from situational roles rather than individual personality?
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What is a superordinate goal in the context of the Robber's Cave experiment?
What is a superordinate goal in the context of the Robber's Cave experiment?
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What are folkways in the context of social norms?
What are folkways in the context of social norms?
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Which of the following is an example of formal deviance?
Which of the following is an example of formal deviance?
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What does the concept of proscriptive norms refer to?
What does the concept of proscriptive norms refer to?
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Which branch of sociological theory suggests that deviant behavior is learned through interactions?
Which branch of sociological theory suggests that deviant behavior is learned through interactions?
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According to Merton's Strain Theory, why might individuals resort to deviant behavior?
According to Merton's Strain Theory, why might individuals resort to deviant behavior?
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What is a key component of Labelling Theory in relation to deviance?
What is a key component of Labelling Theory in relation to deviance?
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How does control theory explain deviance?
How does control theory explain deviance?
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What aspect of society influences deviant behavior according to Differential Association Theory?
What aspect of society influences deviant behavior according to Differential Association Theory?
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Which term refers to a group of individuals who engage in criminal activities and have a defined structure?
Which term refers to a group of individuals who engage in criminal activities and have a defined structure?
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What is the difference between norms and sanctions in a social context?
What is the difference between norms and sanctions in a social context?
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Which of the following describes a social movement?
Which of the following describes a social movement?
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Which type of family consists of parents and children from previous marriages living together?
Which type of family consists of parents and children from previous marriages living together?
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What characterizes deviance in social terms?
What characterizes deviance in social terms?
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Which term refers to informal social rules based on tradition?
Which term refers to informal social rules based on tradition?
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A common feature of social control is to:
A common feature of social control is to:
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Which option best defines a single-parent family?
Which option best defines a single-parent family?
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Study Notes
The Family - Including Types of Families
- Families provide friendships and meet psychological and social needs
- Types of families:
- Nuclear family: Two parents and unmarried children living together
- Extended family: Relatives (besides parents and children) living together
- Blended/reconstituted families: Parents with children from previous relationships
- Childless families: A couple without children
- Single-parent families: One parent with one or more children
- Common-law families: Unmarried couples, with or without children
Group Behavior Experiments
-
Asch Experiment/Asch Paradigm (Solomon Asch):
- Participants were misled in a visual test concerning line length.
- Most participants conformed to the group's incorrect answers about longer lines.
-
Milgram's Experiment (Stanley Milgram):
- Participants (teachers) were instructed to administer shocks to actors (students).
- A significant percentage of participants administered maximum shock levels.
- Highlights the power of authority figures and obedience to orders.
-
Stanford Prison Experiment (Philip Zimbardo):
- Students were assigned roles as guards and prisoners in a mock prison.
- Guards behaved aggressively due to the situation and power imbalance.
- Prisoners became distressed and passive.
- Demonstrates how social roles can influence behavior and lead to unethical, possibly harmful actions.
-
Robber's Cave Experiment (Muzafer Sherif):
- Boys were divided into two groups at summer camp.
- Conflicts arose upon introduction of the two groups.
- Superordinate goals (shared goals requiring cooperation) reduced conflict between the groups.
Cliques
- Definition: An exclusive group of chosen members.
- Reasons for joining: Sharing attitudes and characteristics, creating friendships, developing positive self-concepts.
- Benefits: Learning to interact with others, developing interpersonal skills, socialisation.
Collective Behaviour
- Definition: Ways people act in crowds, social movements, or across entire societies.
- Characteristics: Unpredictable, localized (in one place), dispersed (many locations), irrational.
- Examples: Violent demonstrations, rumors, fads, social movements.
Crowds
- Definition: Groups of people gathered together temporarily.
- Types of crowds:
- Casual crowds: Loose connections, e.g., people in a bus.
- Conventional crowds: Gathered for an event.
- Expressive crowds: Gathered for a highly exciting event.
- Acting crowds: Highly emotional, goal-oriented, e.g., protests.
Mobs, Riots, and Cults
- Mob: Emotionally driven, violent, and destructive crowd.
- Riot: Disorganized and frenzied crowd, lacking a specific target.
- Cult: Group with shared beliefs and often a charismatic leader.
Socialization
- Lifelong process of learning social norms, values, customs, and ideologies.
- Important for individuals to adapt and participate within society.
- Agents of socialization: Families, peers, schools, media, culture. Each agent influences during different periods of development.
Agents of Socialization
- Agents of socialization have different influences at different ages. Families are influential in early childhood, while peers and schools take on an increasing role in later childhood and adolescence.
Social Movements
- Defined as a collective behaviour in which a group promotes or opposes social change.
- Theories related to social movements include: Deprivation theory, Mass society theory, social concern theory, and structural strain theory.
Deviance
- Definition: Any behavior that deviates from societal norms.
- Causes of Deviance: Can involve biological factors, psychological factors, and/or sociological factors.
- Types of deviance:
- Formal deviance (criminal behavior). Examples: Theft, murder.
- Informal deviance (not illegal, but violates norms). Examples: Certain fashion trends, unusual hair colors.
- Social control: Society's attempts to regulate and punish deviant behaviors.
Strain Theory
- Addresses how societal pressures can lead to deviant behavior.
- Individual's inability to achieve socially accepted goals using legitimate means results in strain and potential deviance.
Differential Association Theory
- Explains deviance as a learned behavior through interactions with others, particularly in groups.
- More interaction with deviants increases the likelihood of adopting deviant behaviors.
Theories of Personality
- Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages: Children learn and develop cognitively through these stages.
- Cooley's Looking-glass Self: Oneself develops based on how others perceive us.
- Mead's Role-taking Theory: Individuals develop their self-concept through interaction with others.
- Erikson's Lifespan Development: Personality continues to develop over a lifetime as individuals face psychosocial crises.
Prejudice and Discrimination
- Prejudice: Preconceived judgment against a group, often based on unfounded ideas.
- Discrimination: Acting on prejudice, manifesting as unequal or unfair treatment against certain groups.
- Types of Discrimination:
- Systemic: Supported by laws, policies, or government institutions.
- Personal: Acting to discriminate against an individual.
- Theories:
- Social learning theory: Prejudice learned through observation and modeling.
- Socioeconomic theory: Economic differences lead to prejudice.
- Psychological theory: Authoritarian or manipulative personalities.
Genie the Wild Child
- A feral child, Genie, experienced severe isolation that significantly impacted her development.
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Description
Explore the various types of families, including nuclear, extended, and blended families, as well as the significance of each type in fulfilling social and psychological needs. Additionally, delve into classic group behavior experiments like the Asch and Milgram experiments, examining social influence and authority dynamics in human behavior.
